Migrate master branch to main

We're a few years behind the curve on this one, but using "master" as a
programming term is a callous practice that explicitly uses the
historical institution of slavery as a cheap, racist metaphor. Switch to
using "main", as it's the new default in git and GitHub.

.azure-pipelines/INSTALL.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # Configuring Azure Pipelines with Certbot
 
 Let's begin. All pipelines are defined in `.azure-pipelines`. Currently there are two:
-* `.azure-pipelines/main.yml` is the main one, executed on PRs for master, and pushes to master,
-* `.azure-pipelines/advanced.yml` add installer testing on top of the main pipeline, and is executed for `test-*` branches, release branches, and nightly run for master.
+* `.azure-pipelines/main.yml` is the main one, executed on PRs for main, and pushes to main,
+* `.azure-pipelines/advanced.yml` add installer testing on top of the main pipeline, and is executed for `test-*` branches, release branches, and nightly run for main.
 
 Several templates are defined in `.azure-pipelines/templates`. These YAML files aggregate common jobs configuration that can be reused in several pipelines.
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Azure Pipeline needs RW on code, RO on metadata, RW on checks, commit statuses,
 RW access here is required to allow update of the pipelines YAML files from Azure DevOps interface, and to
 update the status of builds and PRs on GitHub side when Azure Pipelines are triggered.
 Note however that no admin access is defined here: this means that Azure Pipelines cannot do anything with
-protected branches, like master, and cannot modify the security context around this on GitHub.
+protected branches, like main, and cannot modify the security context around this on GitHub.
 Access can be defined for all or only selected repositories, which is nice.
 ```
 
@@ -91,11 +91,11 @@ grant permissions from Azure Pipelines to GitHub in order to setup a GitHub OAut
 then are way too large (admin level on almost everything), while the classic approach does not add any more
 permissions, and works perfectly well.__
 
-- Select GitHub in "Select your repository section", choose certbot/certbot in Repository, master in default branch.
+- Select GitHub in "Select your repository section", choose certbot/certbot in Repository, main in default branch.
 - Click on YAML option for "Select a template"
 - Choose a name for the pipeline (eg. test-pipeline), and browse to the actual pipeline YAML definition in the
   "YAML file path" input (eg. `.azure-pipelines/test-pipeline.yml`)
-- Click "Save & queue", choose the master branch to build the first pipeline, and click "Save and run" button.
+- Click "Save & queue", choose the main branch to build the first pipeline, and click "Save and run" button.
 
 _Done. Pipeline is operational. Repeat to add more pipelines from existing YAML files in `.azure-pipelines`._
 

.azure-pipelines/advanced-test.yml

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ variables:
   # We don't publish our Docker images in this pipeline, but when building them
   # for testing, let's use the nightly tag.
   dockerTag: nightly
+  snapBuildTimeout: 5400
 
 stages:
   - template: templates/stages/test-and-package-stage.yml

.azure-pipelines/main.yml

@@ -1,8 +1,18 @@
-trigger: none
+# We run the test suite on commits to main so codecov gets coverage data
+# about the main branch and can use it to track coverage changes.
+trigger:
+  - main
 pr:
-  - master
+  - main
   - '*.x'
 
+variables:
+  # We set this here to avoid coverage data being uploaded from things like our
+  # nightly pipeline. This is done because codecov (helpfully) keeps track of
+  # the number of coverage uploads for a commit and displays a warning when
+  # comparing two commits with an unequal number of uploads. Only uploading
+  # coverage here should keep the number of uploads it sees consistent.
+  uploadCoverage: true
+
 jobs:
   - template: templates/jobs/standard-tests-jobs.yml
-

.azure-pipelines/nightly.yml

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Nightly pipeline running each day for master.
+# Nightly pipeline running each day for main.
 trigger: none
 pr: none
 schedules:
@@ -6,13 +6,14 @@ schedules:
     displayName: Nightly build
     branches:
       include:
-      - master
+      - main
     always: true
 
 variables:
   dockerTag: nightly
+  snapBuildTimeout: 19800
 
 stages:
   - template: templates/stages/test-and-package-stage.yml
-  - template: templates/stages/deploy-stage.yml
+  - template: templates/stages/nightly-deploy-stage.yml
   - template: templates/stages/notify-failure-stage.yml

.azure-pipelines/release.yml

@@ -8,11 +8,10 @@ pr: none
 
 variables:
   dockerTag: ${{variables['Build.SourceBranchName']}}
+  snapBuildTimeout: 19800
 
 stages:
   - template: templates/stages/test-and-package-stage.yml
   - template: templates/stages/changelog-stage.yml
-  - template: templates/stages/deploy-stage.yml
-    parameters:
-      snapReleaseChannel: beta
+  - template: templates/stages/release-deploy-stage.yml
   - template: templates/stages/notify-failure-stage.yml

.azure-pipelines/templates/jobs/common-deploy-jobs.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# As (somewhat) described at
+# https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/process/templates?view=azure-devops#context,
+# each template only has access to the parameters passed into it. To help make
+# use of this design, we define snapReleaseChannel without a default value
+# which requires the user of this template to define it as described at
+# https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/yaml-schema/parameters-name?view=azure-pipelines#remarks.
+# This makes the user of this template be explicit while allowing them to
+# define their own parameters with defaults that make sense for that context.
+parameters:
+- name: snapReleaseChannel
+  type: string
+  values:
+  - edge
+  - beta
+
+jobs:
+  # This job relies on credentials used to publish the Certbot snaps. This
+  # credential file was created by running:
+  #
+  #   snapcraft logout
+  #   snapcraft export-login --channels=beta,edge snapcraft.cfg
+  #     (provide the shared snapcraft credentials when prompted)
+  #
+  # Then the file was added as a secure file in Azure pipelines
+  # with the name snapcraft.cfg by following the instructions at
+  # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/library/secure-files?view=azure-devops
+  # including authorizing the file for use in the "nightly" and "release"
+  # pipelines as described at
+  # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/library/secure-files?view=azure-devops#q-how-do-i-authorize-a-secure-file-for-use-in-a-specific-pipeline.
+  #
+  # This file has a maximum lifetime of one year and the current file will
+  # expire on 2024-02-10. The file will need to be updated before then to
+  # prevent automated deploys from breaking.
+  #
+  # Revoking these credentials can be done by changing the password of the
+  # account used to generate the credentials. See
+  # https://forum.snapcraft.io/t/revoking-exported-credentials/19031 for
+  # more info.
+  - job: publish_snap
+    pool:
+      vmImage: ubuntu-22.04
+    variables:
+      - group: certbot-common
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        amd64:
+          SNAP_ARCH: amd64
+        arm32v6:
+          SNAP_ARCH: armhf
+        arm64v8:
+          SNAP_ARCH: arm64
+    steps:
+      - bash: |
+          set -e
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends snapd
+          sudo snap install --classic snapcraft
+        displayName: Install dependencies
+      - task: DownloadPipelineArtifact@2
+        inputs:
+          artifact: snaps_$(SNAP_ARCH)
+          path: $(Build.SourcesDirectory)/snap
+        displayName: Retrieve Certbot snaps
+      - task: DownloadSecureFile@1
+        name: snapcraftCfg
+        inputs:
+          secureFile: snapcraft.cfg
+      - bash: |
+          set -e
+          export SNAPCRAFT_STORE_CREDENTIALS=$(cat "$(snapcraftCfg.secureFilePath)")
+          for SNAP_FILE in snap/*.snap; do
+            tools/retry.sh eval snapcraft upload --release=${{ parameters.snapReleaseChannel }} "${SNAP_FILE}"
+          done
+        displayName: Publish to Snap store
+  # The credentials used in the following jobs are for the shared
+  # certbotbot account on Docker Hub. The credentials are stored
+  # in a service account which was created by following the
+  # instructions at
+  # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/library/service-endpoints?view=azure-devops&tabs=yaml#sep-docreg.
+  # The name given to this service account must match the value
+  # given to containerRegistry below. The authentication used when
+  # creating this service account was a personal access token
+  # rather than a password to bypass 2FA. When Brad set this up,
+  # Azure Pipelines failed to verify the credentials with an error
+  # like "access is forbidden with a JWT issued from a personal
+  # access token", but after saving them without verification, the
+  # access token worked when the pipeline actually ran. "Grant
+  # access to all pipelines" should also be checked on the service
+  # account. The access token can be deleted on Docker Hub if
+  # these credentials need to be revoked.
+  - job: publish_docker_by_arch
+    pool:
+      vmImage: ubuntu-22.04
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        arm32v6:
+          DOCKER_ARCH: arm32v6
+        arm64v8:
+          DOCKER_ARCH: arm64v8
+        amd64:
+          DOCKER_ARCH: amd64
+    steps:
+      - task: DownloadPipelineArtifact@2
+        inputs:
+          artifact: docker_$(DOCKER_ARCH)
+          path: $(Build.SourcesDirectory)
+        displayName: Retrieve Docker images
+      - bash: set -e && docker load --input $(Build.SourcesDirectory)/images.tar
+        displayName: Load Docker images
+      - task: Docker@2
+        inputs:
+          command: login
+          containerRegistry: docker-hub
+        displayName: Login to Docker Hub
+      - bash: set -e && tools/docker/deploy_images.sh $(dockerTag) $DOCKER_ARCH
+        displayName: Deploy the Docker images by architecture
+  - job: publish_docker_multiarch
+    dependsOn: publish_docker_by_arch
+    pool:
+      vmImage: ubuntu-22.04
+    steps:
+      - task: Docker@2
+        inputs:
+          command: login
+          containerRegistry: docker-hub
+        displayName: Login to Docker Hub
+      - bash: set -e && tools/docker/deploy_manifests.sh $(dockerTag) all
+        displayName: Deploy the Docker multiarch manifests

.azure-pipelines/templates/jobs/extended-tests-jobs.yml

@@ -2,98 +2,55 @@ jobs:
   - job: extended_test
     variables:
       - name: IMAGE_NAME
-        value: ubuntu-18.04
+        value: ubuntu-22.04
       - name: PYTHON_VERSION
-        value: 3.9
+        value: 3.12
       - group: certbot-common
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        linux-py36:
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.6
-          TOXENV: py36
-        linux-py37:
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.7
-          TOXENV: py37
-        linux-py38:
+        linux-py39:
+          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.9
+          TOXENV: py39
+        linux-py310:
+          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.10
+          TOXENV: py310
+        linux-py311:
+          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.11
+          TOXENV: py311
+        linux-isolated:
+          TOXENV: 'isolated-acme,isolated-certbot,isolated-apache,isolated-cloudflare,isolated-digitalocean,isolated-dnsimple,isolated-dnsmadeeasy,isolated-gehirn,isolated-google,isolated-linode,isolated-luadns,isolated-nsone,isolated-ovh,isolated-rfc2136,isolated-route53,isolated-sakuracloud,isolated-nginx'
+        linux-integration-certbot-oldest:
           PYTHON_VERSION: 3.8
-          TOXENV: py38
-        linux-py37-nopin:
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.7
-          TOXENV: py37
-          CERTBOT_NO_PIN: 1
-        linux-external-mock:
-          TOXENV: external-mock
-        linux-boulder-v1-integration-certbot-oldest:
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.6
           TOXENV: integration-certbot-oldest
-          ACME_SERVER: boulder-v1
-        linux-boulder-v2-integration-certbot-oldest:
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.6
-          TOXENV: integration-certbot-oldest
-          ACME_SERVER: boulder-v2
-        linux-boulder-v1-integration-nginx-oldest:
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.6
-          TOXENV: integration-nginx-oldest
-          ACME_SERVER: boulder-v1
-        linux-boulder-v2-integration-nginx-oldest:
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.6
-          TOXENV: integration-nginx-oldest
-          ACME_SERVER: boulder-v2
-        linux-boulder-v1-py36-integration:
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.6
-          TOXENV: integration
-          ACME_SERVER: boulder-v1
-        linux-boulder-v2-py36-integration:
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.6
-          TOXENV: integration
-          ACME_SERVER: boulder-v2
-        linux-boulder-v1-py37-integration:
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.7
-          TOXENV: integration
-          ACME_SERVER: boulder-v1
-        linux-boulder-v2-py37-integration:
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.7
-          TOXENV: integration
-          ACME_SERVER: boulder-v2
-        linux-boulder-v1-py38-integration:
+        linux-integration-nginx-oldest:
           PYTHON_VERSION: 3.8
-          TOXENV: integration
-          ACME_SERVER: boulder-v1
-        linux-boulder-v2-py38-integration:
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.8
-          TOXENV: integration
-          ACME_SERVER: boulder-v2
-        linux-boulder-v1-py39-integration:
+          TOXENV: integration-nginx-oldest
+        # python 3.8 integration tests are not run here because they're run as    
+        # part of the standard test suite 
+        linux-py39-integration:
           PYTHON_VERSION: 3.9
           TOXENV: integration
-          ACME_SERVER: boulder-v1
-        linux-boulder-v2-py39-integration:
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.9
+        linux-py310-integration:
+          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.10
+          TOXENV: integration
+        linux-py311-integration:
+          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.11
+          TOXENV: integration
+        linux-py312-integration:
+          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.12
           TOXENV: integration
-          ACME_SERVER: boulder-v2
         nginx-compat:
           TOXENV: nginx_compat
         linux-integration-rfc2136:
-          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-18.04
+          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-22.04
           PYTHON_VERSION: 3.8
           TOXENV: integration-dns-rfc2136
-        docker-dev:
-          TOXENV: docker_dev
-        macos-farmtest-apache2:
-          # We run one of these test farm tests on macOS to help ensure the
-          # tests continue to work on the platform.
-          IMAGE_NAME: macOS-10.15
+        le-modification:
+          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-22.04
+          TOXENV: modification
+        farmtest-apache2:
           PYTHON_VERSION: 3.8
           TOXENV: test-farm-apache2
-        farmtest-leauto-upgrades:
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.7
-          TOXENV: test-farm-leauto-upgrades
-        farmtest-certonly-standalone:
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.7
-          TOXENV: test-farm-certonly-standalone
-        farmtest-sdists:
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.7
-          TOXENV: test-farm-sdists
     pool:
       vmImage: $(IMAGE_NAME)
     steps:

.azure-pipelines/templates/jobs/packaging-jobs.yml

@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
 jobs:
   - job: docker_build
     pool:
-      vmImage: ubuntu-18.04
+      vmImage: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
+        arm32v6:
+          DOCKER_ARCH: arm32v6
+        arm64v8:
+          DOCKER_ARCH: arm64v8
         amd64:
           DOCKER_ARCH: amd64
-        # Do not run the heavy non-amd64 builds for test branches
-        ${{ if not(startsWith(variables['Build.SourceBranchName'], 'test-')) }}:
-          arm32v6:
-            DOCKER_ARCH: arm32v6
-          arm64v8:
-            DOCKER_ARCH: arm64v8
     # The default timeout of 60 minutes is a little low for compiling
     # cryptography on ARM architectures.
     timeoutInMinutes: 180
@@ -34,107 +32,40 @@ jobs:
           path: $(Build.ArtifactStagingDirectory)
           artifact: docker_$(DOCKER_ARCH)
         displayName: Store Docker artifact
-  - job: docker_run
+  - job: docker_test
     dependsOn: docker_build
     pool:
-      vmImage: ubuntu-18.04
+      vmImage: ubuntu-22.04
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        arm32v6:
+          DOCKER_ARCH: arm32v6
+        arm64v8:
+          DOCKER_ARCH: arm64v8
+        amd64:
+          DOCKER_ARCH: amd64
     steps:
       - task: DownloadPipelineArtifact@2
         inputs:
-          artifact: docker_amd64
+          artifact: docker_$(DOCKER_ARCH)
           path: $(Build.SourcesDirectory)
         displayName: Retrieve Docker images
       - bash: set -e && docker load --input $(Build.SourcesDirectory)/images.tar
         displayName: Load Docker images
       - bash: |
-          set -ex
-          DOCKER_IMAGES=$(docker images --filter reference='*/certbot' --filter reference='*/dns-*' --format '{{.Repository}}:{{.Tag}}')
-          for DOCKER_IMAGE in ${DOCKER_IMAGES}
-            do docker run --rm "${DOCKER_IMAGE}" plugins --prepare
-          done
+          set -e && tools/docker/test.sh $(dockerTag) $DOCKER_ARCH
         displayName: Run integration tests for Docker images
-  - job: installer_build
-    pool:
-      vmImage: vs2017-win2016
-    steps:
-      - task: UsePythonVersion@0
-        inputs:
-          versionSpec: 3.8
-          architecture: x86
-          addToPath: true
-      - script: |
-          python -m venv venv
-          venv\Scripts\python tools\pipstrap.py
-          venv\Scripts\python tools\pip_install.py -e windows-installer
-        displayName: Prepare Windows installer build environment
-      - script: |
-          venv\Scripts\construct-windows-installer
-        displayName: Build Certbot installer
-      - task: CopyFiles@2
-        inputs:
-          sourceFolder: $(System.DefaultWorkingDirectory)/windows-installer/build/nsis
-          contents: '*.exe'
-          targetFolder: $(Build.ArtifactStagingDirectory)
-      - task: PublishPipelineArtifact@1
-        inputs:
-          path: $(Build.ArtifactStagingDirectory)
-          # If we change the artifact's name, it should also be changed in tools/create_github_release.py
-          artifact: windows-installer
-        displayName: Publish Windows installer
-  - job: installer_run
-    dependsOn: installer_build
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        win2019:
-          imageName: windows-2019
-        win2016:
-          imageName: vs2017-win2016
-    pool:
-      vmImage: $(imageName)
-    steps:
-      - powershell: |
-          if ($PSVersionTable.PSVersion.Major -ne 5) {
-              throw "Powershell version is not 5.x"
-          }
-        condition: eq(variables['imageName'], 'vs2017-win2016')
-        displayName: Check Powershell 5.x is used in vs2017-win2016
-      - task: UsePythonVersion@0
-        inputs:
-          versionSpec: 3.8
-          addToPath: true
-      - task: DownloadPipelineArtifact@2
-        inputs:
-          artifact: windows-installer
-          path: $(Build.SourcesDirectory)/bin
-        displayName: Retrieve Windows installer
-      - script: |
-          python -m venv venv
-          venv\Scripts\python tools\pipstrap.py
-          venv\Scripts\python tools\pip_install.py -e certbot-ci
-        env:
-          PIP_NO_BUILD_ISOLATION: no
-        displayName: Prepare Certbot-CI
-      - script: |
-          set PATH=%ProgramFiles(x86)%\Certbot\bin;%PATH%
-          venv\Scripts\python -m pytest certbot-ci\windows_installer_integration_tests --allow-persistent-changes --installer-path $(Build.SourcesDirectory)\bin\certbot-beta-installer-win32.exe
-        displayName: Run windows installer integration tests
-      - script: |
-          set PATH=%ProgramFiles(x86)%\Certbot\bin;%PATH%
-          venv\Scripts\python -m pytest certbot-ci\certbot_integration_tests\certbot_tests -n 4
-        displayName: Run certbot integration tests
   - job: snaps_build
     pool:
-      vmImage: ubuntu-18.04
+      vmImage: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
         amd64:
           SNAP_ARCH: amd64
-        # Do not run the heavy non-amd64 builds for test branches
-        ${{ if not(startsWith(variables['Build.SourceBranchName'], 'test-')) }}:
-          armhf:
-            SNAP_ARCH: armhf
-          arm64:
-            SNAP_ARCH: arm64
+        armhf:
+          SNAP_ARCH: armhf
+        arm64:
+          SNAP_ARCH: arm64
     timeoutInMinutes: 0
     steps:
       - script: |
@@ -145,7 +76,7 @@ jobs:
         displayName: Install dependencies
       - task: UsePythonVersion@0
         inputs:
-          versionSpec: 3.8
+          versionSpec: 3.12
           addToPath: true
       - task: DownloadSecureFile@1
         name: credentials
@@ -157,7 +88,7 @@ jobs:
           git config --global user.name "$(Build.RequestedFor)"
           mkdir -p ~/.local/share/snapcraft/provider/launchpad
           cp $(credentials.secureFilePath) ~/.local/share/snapcraft/provider/launchpad/credentials
-          python3 tools/snap/build_remote.py ALL --archs ${SNAP_ARCH} --timeout 19800
+          python3 tools/snap/build_remote.py ALL --archs ${SNAP_ARCH} --timeout $(snapBuildTimeout)
         displayName: Build snaps
       - script: |
           set -e
@@ -172,18 +103,17 @@ jobs:
   - job: snap_run
     dependsOn: snaps_build
     pool:
-      vmImage: ubuntu-18.04
+      vmImage: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
       - task: UsePythonVersion@0
         inputs:
-          versionSpec: 3.8
+          versionSpec: 3.12
           addToPath: true
       - script: |
           set -e
           sudo apt-get update
           sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends nginx-light snapd
           python3 -m venv venv
-          venv/bin/python tools/pipstrap.py
           venv/bin/python tools/pip_install.py -U tox
         displayName: Install dependencies
       - task: DownloadPipelineArtifact@2
@@ -197,12 +127,12 @@ jobs:
         displayName: Install Certbot snap
       - script: |
           set -e
-          venv/bin/python -m tox -e integration-external,apacheconftest-external-with-pebble
+          venv/bin/python -m tox run -e integration-external,apacheconftest-external-with-pebble
         displayName: Run tox
   - job: snap_dns_run
     dependsOn: snaps_build
     pool:
-      vmImage: ubuntu-18.04
+      vmImage: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
       - script: |
           set -e
@@ -211,7 +141,7 @@ jobs:
         displayName: Install dependencies
       - task: UsePythonVersion@0
         inputs:
-          versionSpec: 3.8
+          versionSpec: 3.12
           addToPath: true
       - task: DownloadPipelineArtifact@2
         inputs:
@@ -221,7 +151,6 @@ jobs:
       - script: |
           set -e
           python3 -m venv venv
-          venv/bin/python tools/pipstrap.py
           venv/bin/python tools/pip_install.py -e certbot-ci
         displayName: Prepare Certbot-CI
       - script: |

.azure-pipelines/templates/jobs/standard-tests-jobs.yml

@@ -1,71 +1,50 @@
 jobs:
   - job: test
     variables:
-      PYTHON_VERSION: 3.9
+      PYTHON_VERSION: 3.12
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        macos-py36:
-          IMAGE_NAME: macOS-10.15
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.6
-          TOXENV: py36
-        macos-py39:
-          IMAGE_NAME: macOS-10.15
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.9
-          TOXENV: py39
-        windows-py36:
-          IMAGE_NAME: vs2017-win2016
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.6
-          TOXENV: py36
-        windows-py38-cover:
-          IMAGE_NAME: vs2017-win2016
+        macos-py38-cover:
+          IMAGE_NAME: macOS-12
           PYTHON_VERSION: 3.8
-          TOXENV: py38-cover
-        windows-integration-certbot:
-          IMAGE_NAME: vs2017-win2016
+          TOXENV: cover
+          # As of pip 23.1.0, builds started failing on macOS unless this flag was set.
+          # See https://github.com/certbot/certbot/pull/9717#issuecomment-1610861794.
+          PIP_USE_PEP517: "true"
+        macos-cover:
+          IMAGE_NAME: macOS-13
+          TOXENV: cover
+          # See explanation under macos-py38-cover.
+          PIP_USE_PEP517: "true"
+        linux-oldest:
+          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-22.04
           PYTHON_VERSION: 3.8
-          TOXENV: integration-certbot
-        linux-oldest-tests-1:
-          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-18.04
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.6
-          TOXENV: '{acme,apache,apache-v2,certbot}-oldest'
-        linux-oldest-tests-2:
-          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-18.04
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.6
-          TOXENV: '{dns,nginx}-oldest'
-        linux-py36:
-          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-18.04
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.6
-          TOXENV: py36
-        linux-py39-cover:
-          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-18.04
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.9
-          TOXENV: py39-cover
-        linux-py39-lint:
-          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-18.04
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.9
-          TOXENV: lint
-        linux-py39-mypy:
-          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-18.04
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.9
+          TOXENV: oldest
+        linux-py38:
+          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-22.04
+          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.8
+          TOXENV: py38
+        linux-cover:
+          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-22.04
+          TOXENV: cover
+        linux-lint:
+          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-22.04
+          TOXENV: lint-posix
+        linux-mypy:
+          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-22.04
           TOXENV: mypy
         linux-integration:
-          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-18.04
+          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-22.04
           PYTHON_VERSION: 3.8
           TOXENV: integration
-          ACME_SERVER: pebble
         apache-compat:
-          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-18.04
+          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-22.04
           TOXENV: apache_compat
-        le-modification:
-          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-18.04
-          TOXENV: modification
         apacheconftest:
-          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-18.04
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.6
+          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-22.04
           TOXENV: apacheconftest-with-pebble
         nginxroundtrip:
-          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-18.04
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.6
+          IMAGE_NAME: ubuntu-22.04
           TOXENV: nginxroundtrip
     pool:
       vmImage: $(IMAGE_NAME)

.azure-pipelines/templates/stages/changelog-stage.yml

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ stages:
     jobs:
       - job: prepare
         pool:
-          vmImage: vs2017-win2016
+          vmImage: windows-2019
         steps:
           # If we change the output filename from `release_notes.md`, it should also be changed in tools/create_github_release.py
           - bash: |

.azure-pipelines/templates/stages/deploy-stage.yml

@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-parameters:
-- name: snapReleaseChannel
-  type: string
-  default: edge
-  values:
-  - edge
-  - beta
-
-stages:
-  - stage: Deploy
-    jobs:
-      # This job relies on credentials used to publish the Certbot snaps. This
-      # credential file was created by running:
-      #
-      #   snapcraft logout
-      #   snapcraft login (provide the shared snapcraft credentials when prompted)
-      #   snapcraft export-login --channels=beta,edge snapcraft.cfg
-      #
-      # Then the file was added as a secure file in Azure pipelines
-      # with the name snapcraft.cfg by following the instructions at
-      # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/library/secure-files?view=azure-devops
-      # including authorizing the file in all pipelines as described at
-      # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/library/secure-files?view=azure-devops#how-do-i-authorize-a-secure-file-for-use-in-all-pipelines.
-      #
-      # This file has a maximum lifetime of one year and the current
-      # file will expire on 2021-07-28 which is also tracked by
-      # https://github.com/certbot/certbot/issues/7931. The file will
-      # need to be updated before then to prevent automated deploys
-      # from breaking.
-      #
-      # Revoking these credentials can be done by changing the password of the
-      # account used to generate the credentials. See
-      # https://forum.snapcraft.io/t/revoking-exported-credentials/19031 for
-      # more info.
-      - job: publish_snap
-        pool:
-          vmImage: ubuntu-18.04
-        variables:
-          - group: certbot-common
-        strategy:
-          matrix:
-            amd64:
-              SNAP_ARCH: amd64
-            arm32v6:
-              SNAP_ARCH: armhf
-            arm64v8:
-              SNAP_ARCH: arm64
-        steps:
-          - bash: |
-              set -e
-              sudo apt-get update
-              sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends snapd
-              sudo snap install --classic snapcraft
-            displayName: Install dependencies
-          - task: DownloadPipelineArtifact@2
-            inputs:
-              artifact: snaps_$(SNAP_ARCH)
-              path: $(Build.SourcesDirectory)/snap
-            displayName: Retrieve Certbot snaps
-          - task: DownloadSecureFile@1
-            name: snapcraftCfg
-            inputs:
-              secureFile: snapcraft.cfg
-          - bash: |
-              set -e
-              snapcraft login --with $(snapcraftCfg.secureFilePath)
-              for SNAP_FILE in snap/*.snap; do
-                tools/retry.sh eval snapcraft upload --release=${{ parameters.snapReleaseChannel }} "${SNAP_FILE}"
-              done
-            displayName: Publish to Snap store
-      - job: publish_docker
-        pool:
-          vmImage: ubuntu-18.04
-        strategy:
-          matrix:
-            amd64:
-              DOCKER_ARCH: amd64
-            arm32v6:
-              DOCKER_ARCH: arm32v6
-            arm64v8:
-              DOCKER_ARCH: arm64v8
-        steps:
-          - task: DownloadPipelineArtifact@2
-            inputs:
-              artifact: docker_$(DOCKER_ARCH)
-              path: $(Build.SourcesDirectory)
-            displayName: Retrieve Docker images
-          - bash: set -e && docker load --input $(Build.SourcesDirectory)/images.tar
-            displayName: Load Docker images
-          - task: Docker@2
-            inputs:
-              command: login
-              # The credentials used here are for the shared certbotbot account
-              # on Docker Hub. The credentials are stored in a service account
-              # which was created by following the instructions at
-              # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/library/service-endpoints?view=azure-devops&tabs=yaml#sep-docreg.
-              # The name given to this service account must match the value
-              # given to containerRegistry below. "Grant access to all
-              # pipelines" should also be checked.  To revoke these
-              # credentials, we can change the password on the certbotbot
-              # Docker Hub account or remove the account from the
-              # Certbot organization on Docker Hub.
-              containerRegistry: docker-hub
-            displayName: Login to Docker Hub
-          - bash: set -e && tools/docker/deploy.sh $(dockerTag) $DOCKER_ARCH
-            displayName: Deploy the Docker images

.azure-pipelines/templates/stages/nightly-deploy-stage.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+stages:
+  - stage: Deploy
+    jobs:
+      - template: ../jobs/common-deploy-jobs.yml
+        parameters:
+          snapReleaseChannel: edge

.azure-pipelines/templates/stages/release-deploy-stage.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+stages:
+  - stage: Deploy
+    jobs:
+      - template: ../jobs/common-deploy-jobs.yml
+        parameters:
+          snapReleaseChannel: beta
+      - job: create_github_release
+        pool:
+          vmImage: ubuntu-22.04
+        steps:
+        - task: DownloadPipelineArtifact@2
+          inputs:
+            artifact: changelog
+            path: '$(Pipeline.Workspace)'
+        - task: GitHubRelease@1
+          inputs:
+            # this "github-releases" credential is what azure pipelines calls a
+            # "service connection". it was created using the instructions at
+            # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/library/service-endpoints?view=azure-devops&tabs=yaml#github-service-connection
+            # with a fine-grained personal access token from github to limit
+            # the permissions given to azure pipelines. the connection on azure
+            # needs permissions for the "release" pipeline (and maybe the
+            # "full-test-suite" pipeline to simplify testing it). information
+            # on how to set up these permissions can be found at
+            # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/library/service-endpoints?view=azure-devops&tabs=yaml#secure-a-service-connection.
+            # the github token that is used needs "contents:write" and
+            # "workflows:write" permissions for the certbot repo
+            #
+            # as of writing this, the current token will expire on 3/15/2025.
+            # when recreating it, you may also want to create it using the
+            # shared "certbotbot" github account so the credentials aren't tied
+            # to any one dev's github account and their access to the certbot
+            # repo
+            gitHubConnection: github-releases
+            title: ${{ format('Certbot {0}', replace(variables['Build.SourceBranchName'], 'v', '')) }}
+            releaseNotesFilePath: '$(Pipeline.Workspace)/release_notes.md'
+            assets: '$(Build.SourcesDirectory)/packages/{*.tar.gz,SHA256SUMS*}'
+            addChangeLog: false

.azure-pipelines/templates/steps/sphinx-steps.yml

@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
 steps:
   - bash: |
+      set -e
+      sudo apt-get update
+      sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends libaugeas0
       FINAL_STATUS=0
       declare -a FAILED_BUILDS
-      python3 -m venv .venv
-      source .venv/bin/activate
-      python tools/pipstrap.py
+      tools/venv.py
+      source venv/bin/activate
       for doc_path in */docs
       do
         echo ""
         echo "##[group]Building $doc_path"
-        pip install -q -e $doc_path/..[docs]
         if ! sphinx-build -W --keep-going -b html $doc_path $doc_path/_build/html; then
           FINAL_STATUS=1
           FAILED_BUILDS[${#FAILED_BUILDS[@]}]="${doc_path%/docs}"

.azure-pipelines/templates/steps/tox-steps.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,18 @@
+# This does not include the dependencies needed to build cryptography. See
+# https://cryptography.io/en/latest/installation/
 steps:
+  # We run brew update because we've seen attempts to install an older version
+  # of a package fail. See
+  # https://github.com/actions/virtual-environments/issues/3165.
+  #
+  # We untap homebrew/core and homebrew/cask and unset HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALL_FROM_API (which
+  # is set by the CI macOS env) because GitHub has been having issues, making these jobs
+  # fail on git clones: https://github.com/orgs/Homebrew/discussions/4612.
   - bash: |
       set -e
+      unset HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALL_FROM_API
+      brew untap homebrew/core homebrew/cask
+      brew update
       brew install augeas
     condition: startswith(variables['IMAGE_NAME'], 'macOS')
     displayName: Install MacOS dependencies
@@ -8,32 +20,19 @@ steps:
       set -e
       sudo apt-get update
       sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
-        python-dev \
-        gcc \
         libaugeas0 \
-        libssl-dev \
-        libffi-dev \
-        ca-certificates \
-        nginx-light \
-        openssl
+        nginx-light
       sudo systemctl stop nginx
+      sudo sysctl net.ipv4.ip_unprivileged_port_start=0
     condition: startswith(variables['IMAGE_NAME'], 'ubuntu')
     displayName: Install Linux dependencies
   - task: UsePythonVersion@0
     inputs:
       versionSpec: $(PYTHON_VERSION)
       addToPath: true
-    # tools/pip_install.py is used to pin packages to a known working version
-    # except in tests where the environment variable CERTBOT_NO_PIN is set.
-    # virtualenv is listed here explicitly to make sure it is upgraded when
-    # CERTBOT_NO_PIN is set to work around failures we've seen when using an older
-    # version of virtualenv. The option "-I" is set so when CERTBOT_NO_PIN is also
-    # set, pip updates dependencies it thinks are already satisfied to avoid some
-    # problems with its lack of real dependency resolution.
   - bash: |
       set -e
-      python tools/pipstrap.py
-      python tools/pip_install.py -I tox virtualenv
+      python3 tools/pip_install.py tox
     displayName: Install runtime dependencies
   - task: DownloadSecureFile@1
     name: testFarmPem
@@ -45,9 +44,34 @@ steps:
       export TARGET_BRANCH="`echo "${BUILD_SOURCEBRANCH}" | sed -E 's!refs/(heads|tags)/!!g'`"
       [ -z "${SYSTEM_PULLREQUEST_TARGETBRANCH}" ] || export TARGET_BRANCH="${SYSTEM_PULLREQUEST_TARGETBRANCH}"
       env
-      python -m tox
+      python3 -m tox run
     env:
       AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: $(AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID)
       AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: $(AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY)
       AWS_EC2_PEM_FILE: $(testFarmPem.secureFilePath)
     displayName: Run tox
+    # For now, let's omit `set -e` and avoid the script exiting with a nonzero
+    # status code to prevent problems here from causing build failures.  If
+    # this turns out to work well, we can change this.
+  - bash: |
+      python3 tools/pip_install.py -I coverage
+      case "$AGENT_OS" in
+        Darwin)
+          CODECOV_URL="https://uploader.codecov.io/latest/macos/codecov"
+          ;;
+        Linux)
+          CODECOV_URL="https://uploader.codecov.io/latest/linux/codecov"
+          ;;
+        Windows_NT)
+          CODECOV_URL="https://uploader.codecov.io/latest/windows/codecov.exe"
+          ;;
+        *)
+          echo "Unexpected OS"
+          exit 0
+      esac
+      curl --retry 3 -o codecov "$CODECOV_URL"
+      chmod +x codecov
+      coverage xml
+      ./codecov || echo "Uploading coverage data failed"
+    condition: and(eq(variables['uploadCoverage'], true), or(startsWith(variables['TOXENV'], 'cover'), startsWith(variables['TOXENV'], 'integration')))
+    displayName: Upload coverage data

.coveragerc

@@ -1,5 +1,24 @@
 [run]
 omit = */setup.py
+source =
+    acme
+    certbot
+    certbot-apache
+    certbot-dns-cloudflare
+    certbot-dns-digitalocean
+    certbot-dns-dnsimple
+    certbot-dns-dnsmadeeasy
+    certbot-dns-gehirn
+    certbot-dns-google
+    certbot-dns-linode
+    certbot-dns-luadns
+    certbot-dns-nsone
+    certbot-dns-ovh
+    certbot-dns-rfc2136
+    certbot-dns-route53
+    certbot-dns-sakuracloud
+    certbot-nginx
 
 [report]
 omit = */setup.py
+show_missing = True

.envrc

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-# This file is just a nicety for developers who use direnv. When you cd under
-# the Certbot repo, Certbot's virtual environment will be automatically
-# activated and then deactivated when you cd elsewhere. Developers have to have
-# direnv set up and run `direnv allow` to allow this file to execute on their
-# system. You can find more information at https://direnv.net/.
-. venv/bin/activate
-# direnv doesn't support modifying PS1 so we unset it to squelch the error
-# it'll otherwise print about this being done in the activate script. See
-# https://github.com/direnv/direnv/wiki/PS1. If you would like your shell
-# prompt to change like it normally does, see
-# https://github.com/direnv/direnv/wiki/Python#restoring-the-ps1.
-unset PS1

.github/FUNDING.yml

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+custom: https://supporters.eff.org/donate/support-work-on-certbot

.github/codecov.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# This disables all reporting from codecov. Let's just set it up to collect
+# data for now and then we can play with the settings here.
+comment: false
+coverage:
+  status:
+    project: off
+    patch: off

.github/pull_request_template.md

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+## Pull Request Checklist
+
+- [ ] The Certbot team has recently expressed interest in reviewing a PR for this. If not, this PR may be closed due our limited resources and need to prioritize how we spend them.
+- [ ] If the change being made is to a [distributed component](https://certbot.eff.org/docs/contributing.html#code-components-and-layout), edit the `main` section of `certbot/CHANGELOG.md` to include a description of the change being made.
+- [ ] Add or update any documentation as needed to support the changes in this PR.
+- [ ] Include your name in `AUTHORS.md` if you like.

.github/stale.yml

@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-# Configuration for https://github.com/marketplace/stale
-
-# Number of days of inactivity before an Issue or Pull Request becomes stale
-daysUntilStale: 365
-
-# Number of days of inactivity before an Issue or Pull Request with the stale label is closed.
-# Set to false to disable. If disabled, issues still need to be closed manually, but will remain marked as stale.
-# When changing this value, be sure to also update markComment below.
-daysUntilClose: 30
-
-# Ignore issues with an assignee (defaults to false)
-exemptAssignees: true
-
-# Label to use when marking as stale
-staleLabel: needs-update
-
-# Comment to post when marking as stale. Set to `false` to disable
-markComment: >
-  We've made a lot of changes to Certbot since this issue was opened. If you
-  still have this issue with an up-to-date version of Certbot, can you please
-  add a comment letting us know? This helps us to better see what issues are
-  still affecting our users. If there is no activity in the next 30 days, this
-  issue will be automatically closed.
-
-# Comment to post when closing a stale Issue or Pull Request.
-closeComment: >
-  This issue has been closed due to lack of activity, but if you think it
-  should be reopened, please open a new issue with a link to this one and we'll
-  take a look.
-
-# Limit the number of actions per hour, from 1-30. Default is 30
-limitPerRun: 1
-
-# Don't mark pull requests as stale.
-only: issues

.github/workflows/merged.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+name: Merge Event
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    types:
+      - closed
+
+jobs:
+  if_merged:
+    # Forked repos can not access Mattermost secret.
+    if: github.event.pull_request.merged == true && !github.event.pull_request.head.repo.fork
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: mattermost/action-mattermost-notify@main
+      with:
+        MATTERMOST_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.MATTERMOST_MERGE_WEBHOOK }}
+        TEXT: >
+          [${{ github.repository }}] |
+          [${{ github.event.pull_request.title }}
+          #${{ github.event.number }}](https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/pull/${{ github.event.number }})
+          was merged into main by ${{ github.actor }}

.github/workflows/notify_weekly.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+name: Weekly Github Update
+
+on:
+  schedule:
+    # Every week on Thursday @ 13:00
+    - cron: "0 13 * * 4"
+  workflow_dispatch:
+jobs:
+  send-mattermost-message:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+    - name: Create Mattermost Message
+      run: |
+        DATE=$(date --date="7 days ago" +"%Y-%m-%d")
+        echo "MERGED_URL=https://github.com/pulls?q=merged%3A%3E${DATE}+org%3Acertbot" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        echo "UPDATED_URL=https://github.com/pulls?q=updated%3A%3E${DATE}+org%3Acertbot" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+    - uses: mattermost/action-mattermost-notify@main
+      with:
+        MATTERMOST_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.MATTERMOST_WEBHOOK_URL }}
+        MATTERMOST_CHANNEL: private-certbot
+        TEXT: |
+          ## Updates Across Certbot Repos
+          - Certbot team members SHOULD look at: [link](${{ env.MERGED_URL }})
+          - Certbot team members MAY also want to look at: [link](${{ env.UPDATED_URL }})
+          - Want to Discuss something today? Place it [here](https://docs.google.com/document/d/17YMUbtC1yg6MfiTMwT8zVm9LmO-cuGVBom0qFn8XJBM/edit?usp=sharing) and we can meet today on Zoom.
+          - The key words SHOULD and MAY in this message are to be interpreted as described in [RFC 8147](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174).

.github/workflows/stale.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+name: Update Stale Issues
+on:
+  schedule:
+    # Run 1:24AM every night
+    - cron: '24 1 * * *'
+  workflow_dispatch:
+permissions:
+  issues: write
+jobs:
+  stale:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/stale@v6
+        with:
+          # Idle number of days before marking issues stale
+          days-before-issue-stale: 365
+
+          # Never mark PRs as stale
+          days-before-pr-stale: -1
+
+          # Idle number of days before closing stale issues
+          days-before-issue-close: 30
+
+          # Never close PRs
+          days-before-pr-close: -1
+
+          # Ignore issues with an assignee
+          exempt-all-issue-assignees: true
+
+          # Label to use when marking as stale
+          stale-issue-label: needs-update
+
+          stale-issue-message: >
+            We've made a lot of changes to Certbot since this issue was opened. If you
+            still have this issue with an up-to-date version of Certbot, can you please
+            add a comment letting us know? This helps us to better see what issues are
+            still affecting our users. If there is no activity in the next 30 days, this
+            issue will be automatically closed.
+
+          close-issue-message: >
+            This issue has been closed due to lack of activity, but if you think it
+            should be reopened, please open a new issue with a link to this one and we'll
+            take a look.
+
+          # Limit the number of actions per run. As of writing this, GitHub's
+          # rate limit is 1000 requests per hour so we're still a ways off. See
+          # https://docs.github.com/en/rest/overview/resources-in-the-rest-api?apiVersion=2022-11-28#rate-limits-for-requests-from-github-actions.
+          operations-per-run: 180

.gitignore

@@ -4,17 +4,16 @@
 build/
 dist*/
 /venv*/
-/kgs/
 /.tox/
 /releases*/
 /log*
 letsencrypt.log
 certbot.log
-letsencrypt-auto-source/letsencrypt-auto.sig.lzma.base64
 poetry.lock
 
 # coverage
 .coverage
+.coverage.*
 /htmlcov/
 
 /.vagrant
@@ -32,12 +31,6 @@ tags
 # auth --cert-path --chain-path
 /*.pem
 
-# letstest
-tests/letstest/letest-*/
-tests/letstest/*.pem
-tests/letstest/venv/
-tests/letstest/venv3/
-
 .venv
 
 # pytest cache
@@ -66,3 +59,4 @@ certbot-dns*/certbot-dns*_arm*.txt
 /certbot_amd64*.txt
 /certbot_arm*.txt
 certbot-dns*/snap
+snapcraft.cfg

.isort.cfg

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 [settings]
 skip_glob=venv*
-skip=letsencrypt-auto-source
 force_sort_within_sections=True
 force_single_line=True
 order_by_type=False
 line_length=400
+src_paths=acme/acme,acme/tests,certbot*/certbot*,certbot*/tests

.pylintrc

@@ -1,54 +1,373 @@
-[MASTER]
+[MAIN]
 
-# use as many jobs as there are cores
-jobs=0
+# Analyse import fallback blocks. This can be used to support both Python 2 and
+# 3 compatible code, which means that the block might have code that exists
+# only in one or another interpreter, leading to false positives when analysed.
+analyse-fallback-blocks=no
 
-# Specify a configuration file.
-#rcfile=
+# Load and enable all available extensions. Use --list-extensions to see a list
+# all available extensions.
+#enable-all-extensions=
+
+# In error mode, messages with a category besides ERROR or FATAL are
+# suppressed, and no reports are done by default. Error mode is compatible with
+# disabling specific errors.
+#errors-only=
+
+# Always return a 0 (non-error) status code, even if lint errors are found.
+# This is primarily useful in continuous integration scripts.
+#exit-zero=
+
+# A comma-separated list of package or module names from where C extensions may
+# be loaded. Extensions are loading into the active Python interpreter and may
+# run arbitrary code.
+extension-pkg-allow-list=
+
+# A comma-separated list of package or module names from where C extensions may
+# be loaded. Extensions are loading into the active Python interpreter and may
+# run arbitrary code. (This is an alternative name to extension-pkg-allow-list
+# for backward compatibility.)
+extension-pkg-whitelist=pywintypes,win32api,win32file,win32security
+
+# Return non-zero exit code if any of these messages/categories are detected,
+# even if score is above --fail-under value. Syntax same as enable. Messages
+# specified are enabled, while categories only check already-enabled messages.
+fail-on=
+
+# Specify a score threshold under which the program will exit with error.
+fail-under=10
+
+# Interpret the stdin as a python script, whose filename needs to be passed as
+# the module_or_package argument.
+#from-stdin=
+
+# Files or directories to be skipped. They should be base names, not paths.
+ignore=CVS
+
+# Add files or directories matching the regular expressions patterns to the
+# ignore-list. The regex matches against paths and can be in Posix or Windows
+# format. Because '\' represents the directory delimiter on Windows systems, it
+# can't be used as an escape character.
+# CERTBOT COMMENT
+# Changing this line back to the default of `ignore-paths=` is being tracked by
+# https://github.com/certbot/certbot/issues/7908.
+ignore-paths=.*/_internal/tests/
+
+# Files or directories matching the regular expression patterns are skipped.
+# The regex matches against base names, not paths. The default value ignores
+# Emacs file locks
+ignore-patterns=^\.#
+
+# List of module names for which member attributes should not be checked
+# (useful for modules/projects where namespaces are manipulated during runtime
+# and thus existing member attributes cannot be deduced by static analysis). It
+# supports qualified module names, as well as Unix pattern matching.
+ignored-modules=
 
 # Python code to execute, usually for sys.path manipulation such as
 # pygtk.require().
 # CERTBOT COMMENT
 # This is needed for pylint to import linter_plugin.py since
 # https://github.com/PyCQA/pylint/pull/3396.
-init-hook="import pylint.config, os, sys; sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(pylint.config.PYLINTRC))"
+init-hook="import pylint.config, os, sys; sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(next(pylint.config.find_default_config_files())))"
 
-# Profiled execution.
-profile=no
+# Use multiple processes to speed up Pylint. Specifying 0 will auto-detect the
+# number of processors available to use, and will cap the count on Windows to
+# avoid hangs.
+jobs=0
 
-# Add files or directories to the blacklist. They should be base names, not
-# paths.
-ignore=CVS
+# Control the amount of potential inferred values when inferring a single
+# object. This can help the performance when dealing with large functions or
+# complex, nested conditions.
+limit-inference-results=100
+
+# List of plugins (as comma separated values of python module names) to load,
+# usually to register additional checkers.
+load-plugins=linter_plugin
 
 # Pickle collected data for later comparisons.
 persistent=yes
 
-# List of plugins (as comma separated values of python modules names) to load,
-# usually to register additional checkers.
-load-plugins=linter_plugin
+# Minimum Python version to use for version dependent checks. Will default to
+# the version used to run pylint.
+py-version=3.10
 
-# A comma-separated list of package or module names from where C extensions may
-# be loaded. Extensions are loading into the active Python interpreter and may
-# run arbitrary code.
-extension-pkg-whitelist=pywintypes,win32api,win32file,win32security
+# Discover python modules and packages in the file system subtree.
+recursive=no
+
+# When enabled, pylint would attempt to guess common misconfiguration and emit
+# user-friendly hints instead of false-positive error messages.
+suggestion-mode=yes
+
+# Allow loading of arbitrary C extensions. Extensions are imported into the
+# active Python interpreter and may run arbitrary code.
+unsafe-load-any-extension=no
+
+# In verbose mode, extra non-checker-related info will be displayed.
+#verbose=
+
+
+[BASIC]
+
+# Naming style matching correct argument names.
+argument-naming-style=snake_case
+
+# Regular expression matching correct argument names. Overrides argument-
+# naming-style. If left empty, argument names will be checked with the set
+# naming style.
+#argument-rgx=
+
+# Naming style matching correct attribute names.
+attr-naming-style=snake_case
+
+# Regular expression matching correct attribute names. Overrides attr-naming-
+# style. If left empty, attribute names will be checked with the set naming
+# style.
+#attr-rgx=
+
+# Bad variable names which should always be refused, separated by a comma.
+bad-names=foo,
+          bar,
+          baz,
+          toto,
+          tutu,
+          tata
+
+# Bad variable names regexes, separated by a comma. If names match any regex,
+# they will always be refused
+bad-names-rgxs=
+
+# Naming style matching correct class attribute names.
+class-attribute-naming-style=any
+
+# Regular expression matching correct class attribute names. Overrides class-
+# attribute-naming-style. If left empty, class attribute names will be checked
+# with the set naming style.
+#class-attribute-rgx=
+
+# Naming style matching correct class constant names.
+class-const-naming-style=UPPER_CASE
+
+# Regular expression matching correct class constant names. Overrides class-
+# const-naming-style. If left empty, class constant names will be checked with
+# the set naming style.
+#class-const-rgx=
+
+# Naming style matching correct class names.
+class-naming-style=PascalCase
+
+# Regular expression matching correct class names. Overrides class-naming-
+# style. If left empty, class names will be checked with the set naming style.
+#class-rgx=
+
+# Naming style matching correct constant names.
+const-naming-style=UPPER_CASE
+
+# Regular expression matching correct constant names. Overrides const-naming-
+# style. If left empty, constant names will be checked with the set naming
+# style.
+#const-rgx=
+
+# Minimum line length for functions/classes that require docstrings, shorter
+# ones are exempt.
+docstring-min-length=-1
+
+# Naming style matching correct function names.
+function-naming-style=snake_case
+
+# Regular expression matching correct function names. Overrides function-
+# naming-style. If left empty, function names will be checked with the set
+# naming style.
+function-rgx=[a-z_][a-z0-9_]{2,40}$
+
+# Good variable names which should always be accepted, separated by a comma.
+good-names=i,
+           j,
+           k,
+           ex,
+           Run,
+           _,
+           fd,
+           logger
+
+# Good variable names regexes, separated by a comma. If names match any regex,
+# they will always be accepted
+good-names-rgxs=
+
+# Include a hint for the correct naming format with invalid-name.
+include-naming-hint=no
+
+# Naming style matching correct inline iteration names.
+inlinevar-naming-style=any
+
+# Regular expression matching correct inline iteration names. Overrides
+# inlinevar-naming-style. If left empty, inline iteration names will be checked
+# with the set naming style.
+#inlinevar-rgx=
+
+# Naming style matching correct method names.
+method-naming-style=snake_case
+
+# Regular expression matching correct method names. Overrides method-naming-
+# style. If left empty, method names will be checked with the set naming style.
+method-rgx=[a-z_][a-z0-9_]{2,50}$
+
+# Naming style matching correct module names.
+module-naming-style=snake_case
+
+# Regular expression matching correct module names. Overrides module-naming-
+# style. If left empty, module names will be checked with the set naming style.
+#module-rgx=
+
+# Colon-delimited sets of names that determine each other's naming style when
+# the name regexes allow several styles.
+name-group=
+
+# Regular expression which should only match function or class names that do
+# not require a docstring.
+no-docstring-rgx=(__.*__)|(test_[A-Za-z0-9_]*)|(_.*)|(.*Test$)
+
+# List of decorators that produce properties, such as abc.abstractproperty. Add
+# to this list to register other decorators that produce valid properties.
+# These decorators are taken in consideration only for invalid-name.
+property-classes=abc.abstractproperty
+
+# Regular expression matching correct type variable names. If left empty, type
+# variable names will be checked with the set naming style.
+#typevar-rgx=
+
+# Naming style matching correct variable names.
+variable-naming-style=snake_case
+
+# Regular expression matching correct variable names. Overrides variable-
+# naming-style. If left empty, variable names will be checked with the set
+# naming style.
+variable-rgx=[a-z_][a-z0-9_]{1,30}$
+
+
+[CLASSES]
+
+# Warn about protected attribute access inside special methods
+check-protected-access-in-special-methods=no
+
+# List of method names used to declare (i.e. assign) instance attributes.
+defining-attr-methods=__init__,
+                      __new__,
+                      setUp,
+                      __post_init__
+
+# List of valid names for the first argument in a class method.
+valid-classmethod-first-arg=cls
+
+# List of valid names for the first argument in a metaclass class method.
+valid-metaclass-classmethod-first-arg=cls
+
+
+[EXCEPTIONS]
+
+# Exceptions that will emit a warning when caught.
+overgeneral-exceptions=builtins.BaseException,
+                       builtins.Exception
+
+
+[FORMAT]
+
+# Expected format of line ending, e.g. empty (any line ending), LF or CRLF.
+expected-line-ending-format=
+
+# Regexp for a line that is allowed to be longer than the limit.
+ignore-long-lines=^\s*(# )?<?https?://\S+>?$
+
+# Number of spaces of indent required inside a hanging or continued line.
+# git history told me that "This does something silly/broken..."
+#indent-after-paren=4
+
+# String used as indentation unit. This is usually "    " (4 spaces) or "\t" (1
+# tab).
+indent-string='    '
+
+# Maximum number of characters on a single line.
+max-line-length=100
+
+# Maximum number of lines in a module.
+max-module-lines=1250
+
+# Allow the body of a class to be on the same line as the declaration if body
+# contains single statement.
+single-line-class-stmt=no
+
+# Allow the body of an if to be on the same line as the test if there is no
+# else.
+single-line-if-stmt=no
+
+
+[IMPORTS]
+
+# List of modules that can be imported at any level, not just the top level
+# one.
+allow-any-import-level=
+
+# Allow wildcard imports from modules that define __all__.
+allow-wildcard-with-all=no
+
+# Deprecated modules which should not be used, separated by a comma.
+deprecated-modules=
+
+# Output a graph (.gv or any supported image format) of external dependencies
+# to the given file (report RP0402 must not be disabled).
+ext-import-graph=
+
+# Output a graph (.gv or any supported image format) of all (i.e. internal and
+# external) dependencies to the given file (report RP0402 must not be
+# disabled).
+import-graph=
+
+# Output a graph (.gv or any supported image format) of internal dependencies
+# to the given file (report RP0402 must not be disabled).
+int-import-graph=
+
+# Force import order to recognize a module as part of the standard
+# compatibility libraries.
+known-standard-library=
+
+# Force import order to recognize a module as part of a third party library.
+known-third-party=enchant
+
+# Couples of modules and preferred modules, separated by a comma.
+preferred-modules=
+
+
+[LOGGING]
+
+# The type of string formatting that logging methods do. `old` means using %
+# formatting, `new` is for `{}` formatting.
+logging-format-style=old
+
+# Logging modules to check that the string format arguments are in logging
+# function parameter format.
+logging-modules=logging,logger
 
 
 [MESSAGES CONTROL]
 
-# Enable the message, report, category or checker with the given id(s). You can
-# either give multiple identifier separated by comma (,) or put this option
-# multiple time. See also the "--disable" option for examples.
-#enable=
+# Only show warnings with the listed confidence levels. Leave empty to show
+# all. Valid levels: HIGH, CONTROL_FLOW, INFERENCE, INFERENCE_FAILURE,
+# UNDEFINED.
+confidence=HIGH,
+           CONTROL_FLOW,
+           INFERENCE,
+           INFERENCE_FAILURE,
+           UNDEFINED
 
 # Disable the message, report, category or checker with the given id(s). You
 # can either give multiple identifiers separated by comma (,) or put this
 # option multiple times (only on the command line, not in the configuration
-# file where it should appear only once).You can also use "--disable=all" to
-# disable everything first and then reenable specific checks. For example, if
+# file where it should appear only once). You can also use "--disable=all" to
+# disable everything first and then re-enable specific checks. For example, if
 # you want to run only the similarities checker, you can use "--disable=all
 # --enable=similarities". If you want to run only the classes checker, but have
-# no Warning level messages displayed, use"--disable=all --enable=classes
-# --disable=W"
+# no Warning level messages displayed, use "--disable=all --enable=classes
+# --disable=W".
 # CERTBOT COMMENT
 # 1) Once certbot codebase is claimed to be compatible exclusively with Python 3,
 #    the useless-object-inheritance check can be enabled again, and code fixed accordingly.
@@ -56,261 +375,203 @@ extension-pkg-whitelist=pywintypes,win32api,win32file,win32security
 #    See https://github.com/PyCQA/pylint/issues/1498.
 # 3) Same as point 2 for no-value-for-parameter.
 #    See https://github.com/PyCQA/pylint/issues/2820.
-disable=fixme,locally-disabled,locally-enabled,bad-continuation,no-self-use,invalid-name,cyclic-import,duplicate-code,design,import-outside-toplevel,useless-object-inheritance,unsubscriptable-object,no-value-for-parameter,no-else-return,no-else-raise,no-else-break,no-else-continue
+# 4) raise-missing-from makes it an error to raise an exception from except
+#    block without using explicit exception chaining. While explicit exception
+#    chaining results in a slightly more informative traceback, I don't think
+#    it's beneficial enough for us to change all of our current instances and
+#    give Certbot developers errors about this when they're working on new code
+#    in the future. You can read more about exception chaining and this pylint
+#    check at
+#    https://blog.ram.rachum.com/post/621791438475296768/improving-python-exception-chaining-with.
+# 5) wrong-import-order generates false positives and a pylint developer
+#    suggests that people using isort should disable this check at
+#    https://github.com/PyCQA/pylint/issues/3817#issuecomment-687892090.
+# 6) unspecified-encoding generates errors when encoding is not specified in
+#    in a call to the built-in open function. This relates more to a design decision
+#    (unspecified encoding makes the open function use the default encoding of the system)
+#    than a clear flaw on which a check should be enforced. Anyway the project does
+#    not need to enforce encoding on files so we disable this check.
+# 7) consider-using-f-string is "suggesting" to move to f-string when possible with an error. This
+#    clearly relates to code design and not to potential defects in the code, let's just ignore that.
+disable=fixme,locally-disabled,invalid-name,cyclic-import,duplicate-code,design,import-outside-toplevel,useless-object-inheritance,unsubscriptable-object,no-value-for-parameter,no-else-return,no-else-raise,no-else-break,no-else-continue,raise-missing-from,wrong-import-order,unspecified-encoding,consider-using-f-string,raw-checker-failed,bad-inline-option,file-ignored,suppressed-message,useless-suppression,deprecated-pragma,use-symbolic-message-instead
 
-[REPORTS]
-
-# Set the output format. Available formats are text, parseable, colorized, msvs
-# (visual studio) and html. You can also give a reporter class, eg
-# mypackage.mymodule.MyReporterClass.
-output-format=text
-
-# Put messages in a separate file for each module / package specified on the
-# command line instead of printing them on stdout. Reports (if any) will be
-# written in a file name "pylint_global.[txt|html]".
-files-output=no
-
-# Tells whether to display a full report or only the messages
-reports=yes
-
-# Python expression which should return a note less than 10 (10 is the highest
-# note). You have access to the variables errors warning, statement which
-# respectively contain the number of errors / warnings messages and the total
-# number of statements analyzed. This is used by the global evaluation report
-# (RP0004).
-evaluation=10.0 - ((float(5 * error + warning + refactor + convention) / statement) * 10)
-
-# Add a comment according to your evaluation note. This is used by the global
-# evaluation report (RP0004).
-comment=no
-
-# Template used to display messages. This is a python new-style format string
-# used to format the message information. See doc for all details
-#msg-template=
+# Enable the message, report, category or checker with the given id(s). You can
+# either give multiple identifier separated by comma (,) or put this option
+# multiple time (only on the command line, not in the configuration file where
+# it should appear only once). See also the "--disable" option for examples.
+enable=c-extension-no-member
 
 
-[BASIC]
+[METHOD_ARGS]
 
-# Required attributes for module, separated by a comma
-required-attributes=
-
-# List of builtins function names that should not be used, separated by a comma
-bad-functions=map,filter,apply,input,file
-
-# Good variable names which should always be accepted, separated by a comma
-good-names=f,i,j,k,ex,Run,_,fd,logger
-
-# Bad variable names which should always be refused, separated by a comma
-bad-names=foo,bar,baz,toto,tutu,tata
-
-# Colon-delimited sets of names that determine each other's naming style when
-# the name regexes allow several styles.
-name-group=
-
-# Include a hint for the correct naming format with invalid-name
-include-naming-hint=no
-
-# Regular expression matching correct function names
-function-rgx=[a-z_][a-z0-9_]{2,40}$
-
-# Naming hint for function names
-function-name-hint=[a-z_][a-z0-9_]{2,40}$
-
-# Regular expression matching correct variable names
-variable-rgx=[a-z_][a-z0-9_]{1,30}$
-
-# Naming hint for variable names
-variable-name-hint=[a-z_][a-z0-9_]{2,30}$
-
-# Regular expression matching correct constant names
-const-rgx=(([A-Z_][A-Z0-9_]*)|(__.*__))$
-
-# Naming hint for constant names
-const-name-hint=(([A-Z_][A-Z0-9_]*)|(__.*__))$
-
-# Regular expression matching correct attribute names
-attr-rgx=[a-z_][a-z0-9_]{2,30}$
-
-# Naming hint for attribute names
-attr-name-hint=[a-z_][a-z0-9_]{2,30}$
-
-# Regular expression matching correct argument names
-argument-rgx=[a-z_][a-z0-9_]{2,30}$
-
-# Naming hint for argument names
-argument-name-hint=[a-z_][a-z0-9_]{2,30}$
-
-# Regular expression matching correct class attribute names
-class-attribute-rgx=([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]{2,30}|(__.*__))$
-
-# Naming hint for class attribute names
-class-attribute-name-hint=([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]{2,30}|(__.*__))$
-
-# Regular expression matching correct inline iteration names
-inlinevar-rgx=[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$
-
-# Naming hint for inline iteration names
-inlinevar-name-hint=[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$
-
-# Regular expression matching correct class names
-class-rgx=[A-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9]+$
-
-# Naming hint for class names
-class-name-hint=[A-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9]+$
-
-# Regular expression matching correct module names
-module-rgx=(([a-z_][a-z0-9_]*)|([A-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]+))$
-
-# Naming hint for module names
-module-name-hint=(([a-z_][a-z0-9_]*)|([A-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]+))$
-
-# Regular expression matching correct method names
-method-rgx=[a-z_][a-z0-9_]{2,50}$
-
-# Naming hint for method names
-method-name-hint=[a-z_][a-z0-9_]{2,50}$
-
-# Regular expression which should only match function or class names that do
-# not require a docstring.
-no-docstring-rgx=(__.*__)|(test_[A-Za-z0-9_]*)|(_.*)|(.*Test$)
-
-# Minimum line length for functions/classes that require docstrings, shorter
-# ones are exempt.
-docstring-min-length=-1
+# List of qualified names (i.e., library.method) which require a timeout
+# parameter e.g. 'requests.api.get,requests.api.post'
+timeout-methods=requests.api.delete,requests.api.get,requests.api.head,requests.api.options,requests.api.patch,requests.api.post,requests.api.put,requests.api.request
 
 
 [MISCELLANEOUS]
 
 # List of note tags to take in consideration, separated by a comma.
-notes=FIXME,XXX,TODO
+notes=FIXME,
+      XXX,
+      TODO
+
+# Regular expression of note tags to take in consideration.
+notes-rgx=
 
 
-[LOGGING]
+[REFACTORING]
 
-# Logging modules to check that the string format arguments are in logging
-# function parameter format
-logging-modules=logging,logger
+# Maximum number of nested blocks for function / method body
+max-nested-blocks=5
+
+# Complete name of functions that never returns. When checking for
+# inconsistent-return-statements if a never returning function is called then
+# it will be considered as an explicit return statement and no message will be
+# printed.
+never-returning-functions=sys.exit,argparse.parse_error
 
 
-[VARIABLES]
+[REPORTS]
 
-# Tells whether we should check for unused import in __init__ files.
-init-import=no
+# Python expression which should return a score less than or equal to 10. You
+# have access to the variables 'fatal', 'error', 'warning', 'refactor',
+# 'convention', and 'info' which contain the number of messages in each
+# category, as well as 'statement' which is the total number of statements
+# analyzed. This score is used by the global evaluation report (RP0004).
+evaluation=max(0, 0 if fatal else 10.0 - ((float(5 * error + warning + refactor + convention) / statement) * 10))
 
-# A regular expression matching the name of dummy variables (i.e. expectedly
-# not used).
-dummy-variables-rgx=(unused)?_.*|dummy
+# Template used to display messages. This is a python new-style format string
+# used to format the message information. See doc for all details.
+msg-template=
 
-# List of additional names supposed to be defined in builtins. Remember that
-# you should avoid to define new builtins when possible.
-additional-builtins=
+# Set the output format. Available formats are text, parseable, colorized, json
+# and msvs (visual studio). You can also give a reporter class, e.g.
+# mypackage.mymodule.MyReporterClass.
+#output-format=
+
+# Tells whether to display a full report or only the messages.
+reports=no
+
+# Activate the evaluation score.
+score=yes
 
 
 [SIMILARITIES]
 
+# Comments are removed from the similarity computation
+ignore-comments=yes
+
+# Docstrings are removed from the similarity computation
+ignore-docstrings=yes
+
+# Imports are removed from the similarity computation
+ignore-imports=yes
+
+# Signatures are removed from the similarity computation
+ignore-signatures=yes
+
 # Minimum lines number of a similarity.
 min-similarity-lines=6
 
-# Ignore comments when computing similarities.
-ignore-comments=yes
 
-# Ignore docstrings when computing similarities.
-ignore-docstrings=yes
+[STRING]
 
-# Ignore imports when computing similarities.
-ignore-imports=yes
+# This flag controls whether inconsistent-quotes generates a warning when the
+# character used as a quote delimiter is used inconsistently within a module.
+check-quote-consistency=no
 
-
-[FORMAT]
-
-# Maximum number of characters on a single line.
-max-line-length=100
-
-# Regexp for a line that is allowed to be longer than the limit.
-ignore-long-lines=^\s*(# )?<?https?://\S+>?$
-
-# Allow the body of an if to be on the same line as the test if there is no
-# else.
-single-line-if-stmt=no
-
-# List of optional constructs for which whitespace checking is disabled
-no-space-check=trailing-comma
-
-# Maximum number of lines in a module
-max-module-lines=1250
-
-# String used as indentation unit. This is usually " " (4 spaces) or "\t" (1
-# tab).
-indent-string='    '
-
-# Number of spaces of indent required inside a hanging or continued line.
-# This does something silly/broken...
-#indent-after-paren=4
+# This flag controls whether the implicit-str-concat should generate a warning
+# on implicit string concatenation in sequences defined over several lines.
+check-str-concat-over-line-jumps=no
 
 
 [TYPECHECK]
 
-# Tells whether missing members accessed in mixin class should be ignored. A
-# mixin class is detected if its name ends with "mixin" (case insensitive).
-ignore-mixin-members=yes
+# List of decorators that produce context managers, such as
+# contextlib.contextmanager. Add to this list to register other decorators that
+# produce valid context managers.
+contextmanager-decorators=contextlib.contextmanager
+
+# List of members which are set dynamically and missed by pylint inference
+# system, and so shouldn't trigger E1101 when accessed. Python regular
+# expressions are accepted.
+generated-members=
+
+# Tells whether to warn about missing members when the owner of the attribute
+# is inferred to be None.
+ignore-none=yes
+
+# This flag controls whether pylint should warn about no-member and similar
+# checks whenever an opaque object is returned when inferring. The inference
+# can return multiple potential results while evaluating a Python object, but
+# some branches might not be evaluated, which results in partial inference. In
+# that case, it might be useful to still emit no-member and other checks for
+# the rest of the inferred objects.
+ignore-on-opaque-inference=yes
+
+# List of symbolic message names to ignore for Mixin members.
+ignored-checks-for-mixins=no-member,
+                          not-async-context-manager,
+                          not-context-manager,
+                          attribute-defined-outside-init
+
+# List of class names for which member attributes should not be checked (useful
+# for classes with dynamically set attributes). This supports the use of
+# qualified names.
+ignored-classes=optparse.Values,thread._local,_thread._local,argparse.Namespace,Field,Header,JWS,closing
 
 # List of module names for which member attributes should not be checked
 # (useful for modules/projects where namespaces are manipulated during runtime
 # and thus existing member attributes cannot be deduced by static analysis
-ignored-modules=pkg_resources,confargparse,argparse
-# import errors ignored only in 1.4.4
-# https://bitbucket.org/logilab/pylint/commits/cd000904c9e2
+ignored-modules=confargparse,argparse
 
-# List of classes names for which member attributes should not be checked
-# (useful for classes with attributes dynamically set).
-ignored-classes=Field,Header,JWS,closing
+# Show a hint with possible names when a member name was not found. The aspect
+# of finding the hint is based on edit distance.
+missing-member-hint=yes
 
-# When zope mode is activated, add a predefined set of Zope acquired attributes
-# to generated-members.
-zope=yes
+# The minimum edit distance a name should have in order to be considered a
+# similar match for a missing member name.
+missing-member-hint-distance=1
 
-# List of members which are set dynamically and missed by pylint inference
-# system, and so shouldn't trigger E0201 when accessed. Python regular
-# expressions are accepted.
-generated-members=REQUEST,acl_users,aq_parent
+# The total number of similar names that should be taken in consideration when
+# showing a hint for a missing member.
+missing-member-max-choices=1
+
+# Regex pattern to define which classes are considered mixins.
+mixin-class-rgx=.*[Mm]ixin
+
+# List of decorators that change the signature of a decorated function.
+signature-mutators=
 
 
-[IMPORTS]
+[VARIABLES]
 
-# Deprecated modules which should not be used, separated by a comma
-deprecated-modules=regsub,TERMIOS,Bastion,rexec
+# List of additional names supposed to be defined in builtins. Remember that
+# you should avoid defining new builtins when possible.
+additional-builtins=
 
-# Create a graph of every (i.e. internal and external) dependencies in the
-# given file (report RP0402 must not be disabled)
-import-graph=
+# Tells whether unused global variables should be treated as a violation.
+allow-global-unused-variables=yes
 
-# Create a graph of external dependencies in the given file (report RP0402 must
-# not be disabled)
-ext-import-graph=
+# List of names allowed to shadow builtins
+allowed-redefined-builtins=
 
-# Create a graph of internal dependencies in the given file (report RP0402 must
-# not be disabled)
-int-import-graph=
+# List of strings which can identify a callback function by name. A callback
+# name must start or end with one of those strings.
+callbacks=cb_,
+          _cb
 
+# A regular expression matching the name of dummy variables (i.e. expected to
+# not be used).
+dummy-variables-rgx=_+$|(_[a-zA-Z0-9_]*[a-zA-Z0-9]+?$)|dummy|^ignored_|^unused_
 
-[CLASSES]
+# Argument names that match this expression will be ignored.
+ignored-argument-names=_.*|^ignored_|^unused_
 
-# List of interface methods to ignore, separated by a comma. This is used for
-# instance to not check methods defined in Zope's Interface base class.
-ignore-iface-methods=isImplementedBy,deferred,extends,names,namesAndDescriptions,queryDescriptionFor,getBases,getDescriptionFor,getDoc,getName,getTaggedValue,getTaggedValueTags,isEqualOrExtendedBy,setTaggedValue,isImplementedByInstancesOf,adaptWith,is_implemented_by,implementedBy,providedBy
+# Tells whether we should check for unused import in __init__ files.
+init-import=no
 
-# List of method names used to declare (i.e. assign) instance attributes.
-defining-attr-methods=__init__,__new__,setUp
-
-# List of valid names for the first argument in a class method.
-valid-classmethod-first-arg=cls
-
-# List of valid names for the first argument in a metaclass class method.
-valid-metaclass-classmethod-first-arg=mcs
-
-
-[EXCEPTIONS]
-
-# Exceptions that will emit a warning when being caught. Defaults to
-# "Exception"
-overgeneral-exceptions=Exception
+# List of qualified module names which can have objects that can redefine
+# builtins.
+redefining-builtins-modules=six.moves,past.builtins,future.builtins,builtins,io

AUTHORS.md

@@ -17,9 +17,13 @@ Authors
 * [Alex Halderman](https://github.com/jhalderm)
 * [Alex Jordan](https://github.com/strugee)
 * [Alex Zorin](https://github.com/alexzorin)
+* [Alexis Hancock](https://github.com/zoracon)
+* [Amir Omidi](https://github.com/aaomidi)
 * [Amjad Mashaal](https://github.com/TheNavigat)
+* [amplifi](https://github.com/amplifi)
 * [Andrew Murray](https://github.com/radarhere)
 * [Andrzej Górski](https://github.com/andrzej3393)
+* [Anna Glasgall](https://github.com/aglasgall)
 * [Anselm Levskaya](https://github.com/levskaya)
 * [Antoine Jacoutot](https://github.com/ajacoutot)
 * [April King](https://github.com/april)
@@ -65,6 +69,7 @@ Authors
 * [Daniel Convissor](https://github.com/convissor)
 * [Daniel "Drex" Drexler](https://github.com/aeturnum)
 * [Daniel Huang](https://github.com/dhuang)
+* [Daniel McMahon] (https://github.com/igloodan)
 * [Dave Guarino](https://github.com/daguar)
 * [David cz](https://github.com/dave-cz)
 * [David Dworken](https://github.com/ddworken)
@@ -89,6 +94,7 @@ Authors
 * [Felix Yan](https://github.com/felixonmars)
 * [Filip Ochnik](https://github.com/filipochnik)
 * [Florian Klink](https://github.com/flokli)
+* [Francesco Colista](https://github.com/fcolista)
 * [Francois Marier](https://github.com/fmarier)
 * [Frank](https://github.com/Frankkkkk)
 * [Frederic BLANC](https://github.com/fblanc)
@@ -115,8 +121,10 @@ Authors
 * [Jacob Sachs](https://github.com/jsachs)
 * [Jairo Llopis](https://github.com/Yajo)
 * [Jakub Warmuz](https://github.com/kuba)
+* [James Balazs](https://github.com/jamesbalazs)
 * [James Kasten](https://github.com/jdkasten)
 * [Jason Grinblat](https://github.com/ptychomancer)
+* [Jawshua](https://github.com/jawshua)
 * [Jay Faulkner](https://github.com/jayofdoom)
 * [J.C. Jones](https://github.com/jcjones)
 * [Jeff Hodges](https://github.com/jmhodges)
@@ -138,6 +146,7 @@ Authors
 * [Joubin Jabbari](https://github.com/joubin)
 * [Juho Juopperi](https://github.com/jkjuopperi)
 * [Kane York](https://github.com/riking)
+* [Katsuyoshi Ozaki](https://github.com/moratori)
 * [Kenichi Maehashi](https://github.com/kmaehashi)
 * [Kenneth Skovhede](https://github.com/kenkendk)
 * [Kevin Burke](https://github.com/kevinburke)
@@ -146,6 +155,7 @@ Authors
 * [LeCoyote](https://github.com/LeCoyote)
 * [Lee Watson](https://github.com/TheReverend403)
 * [Leo Famulari](https://github.com/lfam)
+* [Leon G](https://github.com/LeonGr)
 * [lf](https://github.com/lf-)
 * [Liam Marshall](https://github.com/liamim)
 * [Lior Sabag](https://github.com/liorsbg)
@@ -156,6 +166,7 @@ Authors
 * [Luca Ebach](https://github.com/lucebac)
 * [Luca Olivetti](https://github.com/olivluca)
 * [Luke Rogers](https://github.com/lukeroge)
+* [Lukhnos Liu](https://github.com/lukhnos)
 * [Maarten](https://github.com/mrtndwrd)
 * [Mads Jensen](https://github.com/atombrella)
 * [Maikel Martens](https://github.com/krukas)
@@ -173,6 +184,7 @@ Authors
 * [Mathieu Leduc-Hamel](https://github.com/mlhamel)
 * [Matt Bostock](https://github.com/mattbostock)
 * [Matthew Ames](https://github.com/SuperMatt)
+* [Matthew W. Thomas](https://github.com/mwt)
 * [Michael Schumacher](https://github.com/schumaml)
 * [Michael Strache](https://github.com/Jarodiv)
 * [Michael Sverdlin](https://github.com/sveder)
@@ -197,24 +209,30 @@ Authors
 * [osirisinferi](https://github.com/osirisinferi)
 * Patrick Figel
 * [Patrick Heppler](https://github.com/PatrickHeppler)
+* [Paul Buonopane](https://github.com/Zenexer)
 * [Paul Feitzinger](https://github.com/pfeyz)
+* [Paulo Dias](https://github.com/paulojmdias)
 * [Pavan Gupta](https://github.com/pavgup)
 * [Pavel Pavlov](https://github.com/ghost355)
 * [Peter Conrad](https://github.com/pconrad-fb)
 * [Peter Eckersley](https://github.com/pde)
 * [Peter Mosmans](https://github.com/PeterMosmans)
+* [Phil Martin](https://github.com/frillip)
 * [Philippe Langlois](https://github.com/langloisjp)
 * [Philipp Spitzer](https://github.com/spitza)
 * [Piero Steinger](https://github.com/Jadaw1n)
 * [Pierre Jaury](https://github.com/kaiyou)
 * [Piotr Kasprzyk](https://github.com/kwadrat)
 * [Prayag Verma](https://github.com/pra85)
+* [Preston Locke](https://github.com/Preston12321)
+* [Q Misell][https://magicalcodewit.ch]
 * [Rasesh Patel](https://github.com/raspat1)
 * [Reinaldo de Souza Jr](https://github.com/juniorz)
 * [Remi Rampin](https://github.com/remram44)
 * [Rémy HUBSCHER](https://github.com/Natim)
 * [Rémy Léone](https://github.com/sieben)
 * [Richard Barnes](https://github.com/r-barnes)
+* [Richard Harman](https://github.com/warewolf)
 * [Richard Panek](https://github.com/kernelpanek)
 * [Robert Buchholz](https://github.com/rbu)
 * [Robert Dailey](https://github.com/pahrohfit)
@@ -272,6 +290,7 @@ Authors
 * [Wilfried Teiken](https://github.com/wteiken)
 * [Willem Fibbe](https://github.com/fibbers)
 * [William Budington](https://github.com/Hainish)
+* [Will Greenberg](https://github.com/wgreenberg)
 * [Will Newby](https://github.com/willnewby)
 * [Will Oller](https://github.com/willoller)
 * [Yan](https://github.com/diracdeltas)
@@ -282,3 +301,4 @@ Authors
 * [Yuseong Cho](https://github.com/g6123)
 * [Zach Shepherd](https://github.com/zjs)
 * [陈三](https://github.com/chenxsan)
+* [Shahar Naveh](https://github.com/ShaharNaveh)

Dockerfile-dev

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-# This Dockerfile builds an image for development.
-FROM ubuntu:focal
-
-# Note: this only exposes the port to other docker containers.
-EXPOSE 80 443
-
-WORKDIR /opt/certbot/src
-
-COPY . .
-RUN apt-get update && \
-    DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install apache2 git python3-dev \
-        python3-venv gcc libaugeas0 libssl-dev libffi-dev ca-certificates \
-        openssl nginx-light -y --no-install-recommends && \
-    apt-get clean && \
-    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* \
-           /tmp/* \
-           /var/tmp/*
-
-RUN VENV_NAME="../venv" python3 tools/venv.py
-
-ENV PATH /opt/certbot/venv/bin:$PATH

SECURITY.md

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Security Policy
+
+## Reporting a Vulnerability
+
+Security vulnerabilities can be reported using GitHub's [private vulnerability reporting tool](https://github.com/certbot/certbot/security/advisories/new).

acme/.readthedocs.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Read the Docs configuration file for Sphinx projects
+# See https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config-file/v2.html for details
+
+# Required
+version: 2
+
+# Set the OS, Python version and other tools you might need
+build:
+  os: ubuntu-22.04
+  tools:
+    python: "3.11"
+    # You can also specify other tool versions:
+
+
+# Build documentation in the "docs/" directory with Sphinx
+sphinx:
+  configuration: acme/docs/conf.py
+  # You can configure Sphinx to use a different builder, for instance use the dirhtml builder for simpler URLs
+  # builder: "dirhtml"
+  # Fail on all warnings to avoid broken references
+  fail_on_warning: true
+
+# Optionally build your docs in additional formats such as PDF and ePub
+formats:
+   - pdf
+   - epub
+
+# Optional but recommended, declare the Python requirements required
+# to build your documentation
+# See https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/guides/reproducible-builds.html
+python:
+   install:
+   - requirements: acme/readthedocs.org.requirements.txt

acme/MANIFEST.in

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ include README.rst
 include pytest.ini
 recursive-include docs *
 recursive-include examples *
-recursive-include tests *
+recursive-include acme/_internal/tests/testdata *
+include acme/py.typed
 global-exclude __pycache__
 global-exclude *.py[cod]

acme/acme/__init__.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 This module is an implementation of the `ACME protocol`_.
 
-.. _`ACME protocol`: https://ietf-wg-acme.github.io/acme
+.. _`ACME protocol`: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8555
 
 """
 import sys

acme/acme/_internal/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""acme's internal implementation"""

acme/acme/_internal/tests/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""acme tests"""

acme/acme/_internal/tests/challenges_test.py

@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
 """Tests for acme.challenges."""
-import urllib.parse as urllib_parse
+import sys
 import unittest
 from unittest import mock
+import urllib.parse as urllib_parse
 
 import josepy as jose
+from josepy.jwk import JWKEC
 import OpenSSL
+import pytest
 import requests
 
 from acme import errors
-
-import test_util
+from acme._internal.tests import test_util
 
 CERT = test_util.load_comparable_cert('cert.pem')
 KEY = jose.JWKRSA(key=test_util.load_rsa_private_key('rsa512_key.pem'))
@@ -21,7 +23,7 @@ class ChallengeTest(unittest.TestCase):
         from acme.challenges import Challenge
         from acme.challenges import UnrecognizedChallenge
         chall = UnrecognizedChallenge({"type": "foo"})
-        self.assertEqual(chall, Challenge.from_json(chall.jobj))
+        assert chall == Challenge.from_json(chall.jobj)
 
 
 class UnrecognizedChallengeTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -32,12 +34,11 @@ class UnrecognizedChallengeTest(unittest.TestCase):
         self.chall = UnrecognizedChallenge(self.jobj)
 
     def test_to_partial_json(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.jobj, self.chall.to_partial_json())
+        assert self.jobj == self.chall.to_partial_json()
 
     def test_from_json(self):
         from acme.challenges import UnrecognizedChallenge
-        self.assertEqual(
-            self.chall, UnrecognizedChallenge.from_json(self.jobj))
+        assert self.chall == UnrecognizedChallenge.from_json(self.jobj)
 
 
 class KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponseTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -53,26 +54,26 @@ class KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponseTest(unittest.TestCase):
         from acme.challenges import KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse
         response = KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse(
             key_authorization='foo.oKGqedy-b-acd5eoybm2f-NVFxvyOoET5CNy3xnv8WY')
-        self.assertTrue(response.verify(self.chall, KEY.public_key()))
+        assert response.verify(self.chall, KEY.public_key())
 
     def test_verify_wrong_token(self):
         from acme.challenges import KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse
         response = KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse(
             key_authorization='bar.oKGqedy-b-acd5eoybm2f-NVFxvyOoET5CNy3xnv8WY')
-        self.assertFalse(response.verify(self.chall, KEY.public_key()))
+        assert not response.verify(self.chall, KEY.public_key())
 
     def test_verify_wrong_thumbprint(self):
         from acme.challenges import KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse
         response = KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse(
             key_authorization='foo.oKGqedy-b-acd5eoybm2f-NVFxv')
-        self.assertFalse(response.verify(self.chall, KEY.public_key()))
+        assert not response.verify(self.chall, KEY.public_key())
 
     def test_verify_wrong_form(self):
         from acme.challenges import KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse
         response = KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse(
             key_authorization='.foo.oKGqedy-b-acd5eoybm2f-'
             'NVFxvyOoET5CNy3xnv8WY')
-        self.assertFalse(response.verify(self.chall, KEY.public_key()))
+        assert not response.verify(self.chall, KEY.public_key())
 
 
 class DNS01ResponseTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -91,12 +92,11 @@ class DNS01ResponseTest(unittest.TestCase):
         self.response = self.chall.response(KEY)
 
     def test_to_partial_json(self):
-        self.assertEqual({k: v for k, v in self.jmsg.items() if k != 'keyAuthorization'},
-                         self.msg.to_partial_json())
+        assert {} == self.msg.to_partial_json()
 
     def test_from_json(self):
         from acme.challenges import DNS01Response
-        self.assertEqual(self.msg, DNS01Response.from_json(self.jmsg))
+        assert self.msg == DNS01Response.from_json(self.jmsg)
 
     def test_from_json_hashable(self):
         from acme.challenges import DNS01Response
@@ -106,12 +106,12 @@ class DNS01ResponseTest(unittest.TestCase):
         key2 = jose.JWKRSA.load(test_util.load_vector('rsa256_key.pem'))
         public_key = key2.public_key()
         verified = self.response.simple_verify(self.chall, "local", public_key)
-        self.assertFalse(verified)
+        assert not verified
 
     def test_simple_verify_success(self):
         public_key = KEY.public_key()
         verified = self.response.simple_verify(self.chall, "local", public_key)
-        self.assertTrue(verified)
+        assert verified
 
 
 class DNS01Test(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -126,20 +126,19 @@ class DNS01Test(unittest.TestCase):
         }
 
     def test_validation_domain_name(self):
-        self.assertEqual('_acme-challenge.www.example.com',
-                         self.msg.validation_domain_name('www.example.com'))
+        assert '_acme-challenge.www.example.com' == \
+                         self.msg.validation_domain_name('www.example.com')
 
     def test_validation(self):
-        self.assertEqual(
-            "rAa7iIg4K2y63fvUhCfy8dP1Xl7wEhmQq0oChTcE3Zk",
-            self.msg.validation(KEY))
+        assert "rAa7iIg4K2y63fvUhCfy8dP1Xl7wEhmQq0oChTcE3Zk" == \
+            self.msg.validation(KEY)
 
     def test_to_partial_json(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.jmsg, self.msg.to_partial_json())
+        assert self.jmsg == self.msg.to_partial_json()
 
     def test_from_json(self):
         from acme.challenges import DNS01
-        self.assertEqual(self.msg, DNS01.from_json(self.jmsg))
+        assert self.msg == DNS01.from_json(self.jmsg)
 
     def test_from_json_hashable(self):
         from acme.challenges import DNS01
@@ -162,13 +161,11 @@ class HTTP01ResponseTest(unittest.TestCase):
         self.response = self.chall.response(KEY)
 
     def test_to_partial_json(self):
-        self.assertEqual({k: v for k, v in self.jmsg.items() if k != 'keyAuthorization'},
-                         self.msg.to_partial_json())
+        assert {} == self.msg.to_partial_json()
 
     def test_from_json(self):
         from acme.challenges import HTTP01Response
-        self.assertEqual(
-            self.msg, HTTP01Response.from_json(self.jmsg))
+        assert self.msg == HTTP01Response.from_json(self.jmsg)
 
     def test_from_json_hashable(self):
         from acme.challenges import HTTP01Response
@@ -182,15 +179,16 @@ class HTTP01ResponseTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_simple_verify_good_validation(self, mock_get):
         validation = self.chall.validation(KEY)
         mock_get.return_value = mock.MagicMock(text=validation)
-        self.assertTrue(self.response.simple_verify(
-            self.chall, "local", KEY.public_key()))
-        mock_get.assert_called_once_with(self.chall.uri("local"), verify=False)
+        assert self.response.simple_verify(
+            self.chall, "local", KEY.public_key())
+        mock_get.assert_called_once_with(self.chall.uri("local"), verify=False,
+                                         timeout=mock.ANY)
 
     @mock.patch("acme.challenges.requests.get")
     def test_simple_verify_bad_validation(self, mock_get):
         mock_get.return_value = mock.MagicMock(text="!")
-        self.assertFalse(self.response.simple_verify(
-            self.chall, "local", KEY.public_key()))
+        assert not self.response.simple_verify(
+            self.chall, "local", KEY.public_key())
 
     @mock.patch("acme.challenges.requests.get")
     def test_simple_verify_whitespace_validation(self, mock_get):
@@ -198,23 +196,34 @@ class HTTP01ResponseTest(unittest.TestCase):
         mock_get.return_value = mock.MagicMock(
             text=(self.chall.validation(KEY) +
                   HTTP01Response.WHITESPACE_CUTSET))
-        self.assertTrue(self.response.simple_verify(
-            self.chall, "local", KEY.public_key()))
-        mock_get.assert_called_once_with(self.chall.uri("local"), verify=False)
+        assert self.response.simple_verify(
+            self.chall, "local", KEY.public_key())
+        mock_get.assert_called_once_with(self.chall.uri("local"), verify=False,
+                                         timeout=mock.ANY)
 
     @mock.patch("acme.challenges.requests.get")
     def test_simple_verify_connection_error(self, mock_get):
         mock_get.side_effect = requests.exceptions.RequestException
-        self.assertFalse(self.response.simple_verify(
-            self.chall, "local", KEY.public_key()))
+        assert not self.response.simple_verify(
+            self.chall, "local", KEY.public_key())
 
     @mock.patch("acme.challenges.requests.get")
     def test_simple_verify_port(self, mock_get):
         self.response.simple_verify(
             self.chall, domain="local",
             account_public_key=KEY.public_key(), port=8080)
-        self.assertEqual("local:8080", urllib_parse.urlparse(
-            mock_get.mock_calls[0][1][0]).netloc)
+        assert "local:8080" == urllib_parse.urlparse(
+            mock_get.mock_calls[0][1][0]).netloc
+
+    @mock.patch("acme.challenges.requests.get")
+    def test_simple_verify_timeout(self, mock_get):
+        self.response.simple_verify(self.chall, "local", KEY.public_key())
+        mock_get.assert_called_once_with(self.chall.uri("local"), verify=False,
+                                         timeout=30)
+        mock_get.reset_mock()
+        self.response.simple_verify(self.chall, "local", KEY.public_key(), timeout=1234)
+        mock_get.assert_called_once_with(self.chall.uri("local"), verify=False,
+                                         timeout=1234)
 
 
 class HTTP01Test(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -230,30 +239,28 @@ class HTTP01Test(unittest.TestCase):
         }
 
     def test_path(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.msg.path, '/.well-known/acme-challenge/'
-                         'evaGxfADs6pSRb2LAv9IZf17Dt3juxGJ-PCt92wr-oA')
+        assert self.msg.path == '/.well-known/acme-challenge/' \
+                         'evaGxfADs6pSRb2LAv9IZf17Dt3juxGJ-PCt92wr-oA'
 
     def test_uri(self):
-        self.assertEqual(
-            'http://example.com/.well-known/acme-challenge/'
-            'evaGxfADs6pSRb2LAv9IZf17Dt3juxGJ-PCt92wr-oA',
-            self.msg.uri('example.com'))
+        assert 'http://example.com/.well-known/acme-challenge/' \
+            'evaGxfADs6pSRb2LAv9IZf17Dt3juxGJ-PCt92wr-oA' == \
+            self.msg.uri('example.com')
 
     def test_to_partial_json(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.jmsg, self.msg.to_partial_json())
+        assert self.jmsg == self.msg.to_partial_json()
 
     def test_from_json(self):
         from acme.challenges import HTTP01
-        self.assertEqual(self.msg, HTTP01.from_json(self.jmsg))
+        assert self.msg == HTTP01.from_json(self.jmsg)
 
     def test_from_json_hashable(self):
         from acme.challenges import HTTP01
         hash(HTTP01.from_json(self.jmsg))
 
     def test_good_token(self):
-        self.assertTrue(self.msg.good_token)
-        self.assertFalse(
-            self.msg.update(token=b'..').good_token)
+        assert self.msg.good_token
+        assert not self.msg.update(token=b'..').good_token
 
 
 class TLSALPN01ResponseTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -273,12 +280,11 @@ class TLSALPN01ResponseTest(unittest.TestCase):
         }
 
     def test_to_partial_json(self):
-        self.assertEqual({k: v for k, v in self.jmsg.items() if k != 'keyAuthorization'},
-                         self.response.to_partial_json())
+        assert {} == self.response.to_partial_json()
 
     def test_from_json(self):
         from acme.challenges import TLSALPN01Response
-        self.assertEqual(self.response, TLSALPN01Response.from_json(self.jmsg))
+        assert self.response == TLSALPN01Response.from_json(self.jmsg)
 
     def test_from_json_hashable(self):
         from acme.challenges import TLSALPN01Response
@@ -287,23 +293,23 @@ class TLSALPN01ResponseTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_gen_verify_cert(self):
         key1 = test_util.load_pyopenssl_private_key('rsa512_key.pem')
         cert, key2 = self.response.gen_cert(self.domain, key1)
-        self.assertEqual(key1, key2)
-        self.assertTrue(self.response.verify_cert(self.domain, cert))
+        assert key1 == key2
+        assert self.response.verify_cert(self.domain, cert)
 
     def test_gen_verify_cert_gen_key(self):
         cert, key = self.response.gen_cert(self.domain)
-        self.assertTrue(isinstance(key, OpenSSL.crypto.PKey))
-        self.assertTrue(self.response.verify_cert(self.domain, cert))
+        assert isinstance(key, OpenSSL.crypto.PKey)
+        assert self.response.verify_cert(self.domain, cert)
 
     def test_verify_bad_cert(self):
-        self.assertFalse(self.response.verify_cert(self.domain,
-            test_util.load_cert('cert.pem')))
+        assert not self.response.verify_cert(self.domain,
+            test_util.load_cert('cert.pem'))
 
     def test_verify_bad_domain(self):
         key1 = test_util.load_pyopenssl_private_key('rsa512_key.pem')
         cert, key2 = self.response.gen_cert(self.domain, key1)
-        self.assertEqual(key1, key2)
-        self.assertFalse(self.response.verify_cert(self.domain2, cert))
+        assert key1 == key2
+        assert not self.response.verify_cert(self.domain2, cert)
 
     def test_simple_verify_bad_key_authorization(self):
         key2 = jose.JWKRSA.load(test_util.load_vector('rsa256_key.pem'))
@@ -312,10 +318,9 @@ class TLSALPN01ResponseTest(unittest.TestCase):
     @mock.patch('acme.challenges.TLSALPN01Response.verify_cert', autospec=True)
     def test_simple_verify(self, mock_verify_cert):
         mock_verify_cert.return_value = mock.sentinel.verification
-        self.assertEqual(
-            mock.sentinel.verification, self.response.simple_verify(
+        assert mock.sentinel.verification == self.response.simple_verify(
                 self.chall, self.domain, KEY.public_key(),
-                cert=mock.sentinel.cert))
+                cert=mock.sentinel.cert)
         mock_verify_cert.assert_called_once_with(
             self.response, self.domain, mock.sentinel.cert)
 
@@ -326,19 +331,19 @@ class TLSALPN01ResponseTest(unittest.TestCase):
         self.response.probe_cert('foo.com')
         mock_gethostbyname.assert_called_once_with('foo.com')
         mock_probe_sni.assert_called_once_with(
-            host='127.0.0.1', port=self.response.PORT, name='foo.com',
-            alpn_protocols=['acme-tls/1'])
+            host=b'127.0.0.1', port=self.response.PORT, name=b'foo.com',
+            alpn_protocols=[b'acme-tls/1'])
 
         self.response.probe_cert('foo.com', host='8.8.8.8')
         mock_probe_sni.assert_called_with(
-            host='8.8.8.8', port=mock.ANY, name='foo.com',
-            alpn_protocols=['acme-tls/1'])
+            host=b'8.8.8.8', port=mock.ANY, name=b'foo.com',
+            alpn_protocols=[b'acme-tls/1'])
 
     @mock.patch('acme.challenges.TLSALPN01Response.probe_cert')
     def test_simple_verify_false_on_probe_error(self, mock_probe_cert):
         mock_probe_cert.side_effect = errors.Error
-        self.assertFalse(self.response.simple_verify(
-            self.chall, self.domain, KEY.public_key()))
+        assert not self.response.simple_verify(
+            self.chall, self.domain, KEY.public_key())
 
 
 class TLSALPN01Test(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -353,11 +358,11 @@ class TLSALPN01Test(unittest.TestCase):
         }
 
     def test_to_partial_json(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.jmsg, self.msg.to_partial_json())
+        assert self.jmsg == self.msg.to_partial_json()
 
     def test_from_json(self):
         from acme.challenges import TLSALPN01
-        self.assertEqual(self.msg, TLSALPN01.from_json(self.jmsg))
+        assert self.msg == TLSALPN01.from_json(self.jmsg)
 
     def test_from_json_hashable(self):
         from acme.challenges import TLSALPN01
@@ -366,14 +371,14 @@ class TLSALPN01Test(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_from_json_invalid_token_length(self):
         from acme.challenges import TLSALPN01
         self.jmsg['token'] = jose.encode_b64jose(b'abcd')
-        self.assertRaises(
-            jose.DeserializationError, TLSALPN01.from_json, self.jmsg)
+        with pytest.raises(jose.DeserializationError):
+            TLSALPN01.from_json(self.jmsg)
 
     @mock.patch('acme.challenges.TLSALPN01Response.gen_cert')
     def test_validation(self, mock_gen_cert):
         mock_gen_cert.return_value = ('cert', 'key')
-        self.assertEqual(('cert', 'key'), self.msg.validation(
-            KEY, cert_key=mock.sentinel.cert_key, domain=mock.sentinel.domain))
+        assert ('cert', 'key') == self.msg.validation(
+            KEY, cert_key=mock.sentinel.cert_key, domain=mock.sentinel.domain)
         mock_gen_cert.assert_called_once_with(key=mock.sentinel.cert_key,
                                               domain=mock.sentinel.domain)
 
@@ -390,24 +395,27 @@ class DNSTest(unittest.TestCase):
         }
 
     def test_to_partial_json(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.jmsg, self.msg.to_partial_json())
+        assert self.jmsg == self.msg.to_partial_json()
 
     def test_from_json(self):
         from acme.challenges import DNS
-        self.assertEqual(self.msg, DNS.from_json(self.jmsg))
+        assert self.msg == DNS.from_json(self.jmsg)
 
     def test_from_json_hashable(self):
         from acme.challenges import DNS
         hash(DNS.from_json(self.jmsg))
 
     def test_gen_check_validation(self):
-        self.assertTrue(self.msg.check_validation(
-            self.msg.gen_validation(KEY), KEY.public_key()))
+        ec_key_secp384r1 = JWKEC(key=test_util.load_ecdsa_private_key('ec_secp384r1_key.pem'))
+        for key, alg in [(KEY, jose.RS256), (ec_key_secp384r1, jose.ES384)]:
+            with self.subTest(key=key, alg=alg):
+                assert self.msg.check_validation(
+                    self.msg.gen_validation(key, alg=alg), key.public_key())
 
     def test_gen_check_validation_wrong_key(self):
         key2 = jose.JWKRSA.load(test_util.load_vector('rsa1024_key.pem'))
-        self.assertFalse(self.msg.check_validation(
-            self.msg.gen_validation(KEY), key2.public_key()))
+        assert not self.msg.check_validation(
+            self.msg.gen_validation(KEY), key2.public_key())
 
     def test_check_validation_wrong_payload(self):
         validations = tuple(
@@ -415,28 +423,32 @@ class DNSTest(unittest.TestCase):
             for payload in (b'', b'{}')
         )
         for validation in validations:
-            self.assertFalse(self.msg.check_validation(
-                validation, KEY.public_key()))
+            assert not self.msg.check_validation(
+                validation, KEY.public_key())
 
     def test_check_validation_wrong_fields(self):
         bad_validation = jose.JWS.sign(
             payload=self.msg.update(
                 token=b'x' * 20).json_dumps().encode('utf-8'),
             alg=jose.RS256, key=KEY)
-        self.assertFalse(self.msg.check_validation(
-            bad_validation, KEY.public_key()))
+        assert not self.msg.check_validation(bad_validation, KEY.public_key())
 
     def test_gen_response(self):
         with mock.patch('acme.challenges.DNS.gen_validation') as mock_gen:
             mock_gen.return_value = mock.sentinel.validation
             response = self.msg.gen_response(KEY)
         from acme.challenges import DNSResponse
-        self.assertTrue(isinstance(response, DNSResponse))
-        self.assertEqual(response.validation, mock.sentinel.validation)
+        assert isinstance(response, DNSResponse)
+        assert response.validation == mock.sentinel.validation
 
     def test_validation_domain_name(self):
-        self.assertEqual(
-            '_acme-challenge.le.wtf', self.msg.validation_domain_name('le.wtf'))
+        assert '_acme-challenge.le.wtf' == self.msg.validation_domain_name('le.wtf')
+
+    def test_validation_domain_name_ecdsa(self):
+        ec_key_secp384r1 = JWKEC(key=test_util.load_ecdsa_private_key('ec_secp384r1_key.pem'))
+        assert self.msg.check_validation(
+            self.msg.gen_validation(ec_key_secp384r1, alg=jose.ES384),
+            ec_key_secp384r1.public_key()) is True
 
 
 class DNSResponseTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -452,8 +464,6 @@ class DNSResponseTest(unittest.TestCase):
         from acme.challenges import DNSResponse
         self.msg = DNSResponse(validation=self.validation)
         self.jmsg_to = {
-            'resource': 'challenge',
-            'type': 'dns',
             'validation': self.validation,
         }
         self.jmsg_from = {
@@ -463,19 +473,18 @@ class DNSResponseTest(unittest.TestCase):
         }
 
     def test_to_partial_json(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.jmsg_to, self.msg.to_partial_json())
+        assert self.jmsg_to == self.msg.to_partial_json()
 
     def test_from_json(self):
         from acme.challenges import DNSResponse
-        self.assertEqual(self.msg, DNSResponse.from_json(self.jmsg_from))
+        assert self.msg == DNSResponse.from_json(self.jmsg_from)
 
     def test_from_json_hashable(self):
         from acme.challenges import DNSResponse
         hash(DNSResponse.from_json(self.jmsg_from))
 
     def test_check_validation(self):
-        self.assertTrue(
-            self.msg.check_validation(self.chall, KEY.public_key()))
+        assert self.msg.check_validation(self.chall, KEY.public_key())
 
 
 class JWSPayloadRFC8555Compliant(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -484,12 +493,11 @@ class JWSPayloadRFC8555Compliant(unittest.TestCase):
         from acme.challenges import HTTP01Response
 
         challenge_body = HTTP01Response()
-        challenge_body.le_acme_version = 2
 
         jobj = challenge_body.json_dumps(indent=2).encode()
         # RFC8555 states that challenge responses must have an empty payload.
-        self.assertEqual(jobj, b'{}')
+        assert jobj == b'{}'
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    unittest.main()  # pragma: no cover
+    sys.exit(pytest.main(sys.argv[1:] + [__file__]))  # pragma: no cover

acme/acme/_internal/tests/client_test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,794 @@
+"""Tests for acme.client."""
+# pylint: disable=too-many-lines
+import copy
+import datetime
+import http.client as http_client
+import json
+import sys
+from typing import Dict
+import unittest
+from unittest import mock
+
+import josepy as jose
+import pytest
+import requests
+
+from acme import challenges
+from acme import errors
+from acme import jws as acme_jws
+from acme import messages
+from acme._internal.tests import messages_test
+from acme._internal.tests import test_util
+from acme.client import ClientNetwork
+from acme.client import ClientV2
+
+CERT_SAN_PEM = test_util.load_vector('cert-san.pem')
+CSR_MIXED_PEM = test_util.load_vector('csr-mixed.pem')
+KEY = jose.JWKRSA.load(test_util.load_vector('rsa512_key.pem'))
+
+DIRECTORY_V2 = messages.Directory({
+    'newAccount': 'https://www.letsencrypt-demo.org/acme/new-account',
+    'newNonce': 'https://www.letsencrypt-demo.org/acme/new-nonce',
+    'newOrder': 'https://www.letsencrypt-demo.org/acme/new-order',
+    'revokeCert': 'https://www.letsencrypt-demo.org/acme/revoke-cert',
+    'meta': messages.Directory.Meta(),
+})
+
+
+class ClientV2Test(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Tests for acme.client.ClientV2."""
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.response = mock.MagicMock(
+            ok=True, status_code=http_client.OK, headers={}, links={})
+        self.net = mock.MagicMock()
+        self.net.post.return_value = self.response
+        self.net.get.return_value = self.response
+
+        self.identifier = messages.Identifier(
+            typ=messages.IDENTIFIER_FQDN, value='example.com')
+
+        # Registration
+        self.contact = ('mailto:cert-admin@example.com', 'tel:+12025551212')
+        reg = messages.Registration(
+            contact=self.contact, key=KEY.public_key())
+        the_arg: Dict = dict(reg)
+        self.new_reg = messages.NewRegistration(**the_arg)
+        self.regr = messages.RegistrationResource(
+            body=reg, uri='https://www.letsencrypt-demo.org/acme/reg/1')
+
+        # Authorization
+        authzr_uri = 'https://www.letsencrypt-demo.org/acme/authz/1'
+        challb = messages.ChallengeBody(
+            uri=(authzr_uri + '/1'), status=messages.STATUS_VALID,
+            chall=challenges.DNS(token=jose.b64decode(
+                'evaGxfADs6pSRb2LAv9IZf17Dt3juxGJ-PCt92wr-oA')))
+        self.challr = messages.ChallengeResource(
+            body=challb, authzr_uri=authzr_uri)
+        self.authz = messages.Authorization(
+            identifier=messages.Identifier(
+                typ=messages.IDENTIFIER_FQDN, value='example.com'),
+            challenges=(challb,))
+        self.authzr = messages.AuthorizationResource(
+            body=self.authz, uri=authzr_uri)
+
+        # Reason code for revocation
+        self.rsn = 1
+
+        self.directory = DIRECTORY_V2
+
+        self.client = ClientV2(self.directory, self.net)
+
+        self.new_reg = self.new_reg.update(terms_of_service_agreed=True)
+
+        self.authzr_uri2 = 'https://www.letsencrypt-demo.org/acme/authz/2'
+        self.authz2 = self.authz.update(identifier=messages.Identifier(
+            typ=messages.IDENTIFIER_FQDN, value='www.example.com'),
+            status=messages.STATUS_PENDING)
+        self.authzr2 = messages.AuthorizationResource(
+            body=self.authz2, uri=self.authzr_uri2)
+
+        self.order = messages.Order(
+            identifiers=(self.authz.identifier, self.authz2.identifier),
+            status=messages.STATUS_PENDING,
+            authorizations=(self.authzr.uri, self.authzr_uri2),
+            finalize='https://www.letsencrypt-demo.org/acme/acct/1/order/1/finalize')
+        self.orderr = messages.OrderResource(
+            body=self.order,
+            uri='https://www.letsencrypt-demo.org/acme/acct/1/order/1',
+            authorizations=[self.authzr, self.authzr2], csr_pem=CSR_MIXED_PEM)
+
+    def test_new_account(self):
+        self.response.status_code = http_client.CREATED
+        self.response.json.return_value = self.regr.body.to_json()
+        self.response.headers['Location'] = self.regr.uri
+
+        assert self.regr == self.client.new_account(self.new_reg)
+
+    def test_new_account_tos_link(self):
+        self.response.status_code = http_client.CREATED
+        self.response.json.return_value = self.regr.body.to_json()
+        self.response.headers['Location'] = self.regr.uri
+        self.response.links.update({
+            'terms-of-service': {'url': 'https://www.letsencrypt-demo.org/tos'},
+        })
+
+        assert self.client.new_account(self.new_reg).terms_of_service == \
+                         'https://www.letsencrypt-demo.org/tos'
+
+
+    def test_new_account_conflict(self):
+        self.response.status_code = http_client.OK
+        self.response.headers['Location'] = self.regr.uri
+        with pytest.raises(errors.ConflictError):
+            self.client.new_account(self.new_reg)
+
+    def test_deactivate_account(self):
+        deactivated_regr = self.regr.update(
+            body=self.regr.body.update(status='deactivated'))
+        self.response.json.return_value = deactivated_regr.body.to_json()
+        self.response.status_code = http_client.OK
+        self.response.headers['Location'] = self.regr.uri
+        assert self.client.deactivate_registration(self.regr) == deactivated_regr
+
+    def test_deactivate_authorization(self):
+        deactivated_authz = self.authzr.update(
+            body=self.authzr.body.update(status=messages.STATUS_DEACTIVATED))
+        self.response.json.return_value = deactivated_authz.body.to_json()
+        authzr = self.client.deactivate_authorization(self.authzr)
+        assert deactivated_authz.body == authzr.body
+        assert self.client.net.post.call_count == 1
+        assert self.authzr.uri in self.net.post.call_args_list[0][0]
+
+    def test_new_order(self):
+        order_response = copy.deepcopy(self.response)
+        order_response.status_code = http_client.CREATED
+        order_response.json.return_value = self.order.to_json()
+        order_response.headers['Location'] = self.orderr.uri
+        self.net.post.return_value = order_response
+
+        authz_response = copy.deepcopy(self.response)
+        authz_response.json.return_value = self.authz.to_json()
+        authz_response.headers['Location'] = self.authzr.uri
+        authz_response2 = self.response
+        authz_response2.json.return_value = self.authz2.to_json()
+        authz_response2.headers['Location'] = self.authzr2.uri
+
+        with mock.patch('acme.client.ClientV2._post_as_get') as mock_post_as_get:
+            mock_post_as_get.side_effect = (authz_response, authz_response2)
+            assert self.client.new_order(CSR_MIXED_PEM) == self.orderr
+
+    def test_answer_challege(self):
+        self.response.links['up'] = {'url': self.challr.authzr_uri}
+        self.response.json.return_value = self.challr.body.to_json()
+        chall_response = challenges.DNSResponse(validation=None)
+        self.client.answer_challenge(self.challr.body, chall_response)
+
+        with pytest.raises(errors.UnexpectedUpdate):
+            self.client.answer_challenge(self.challr.body.update(uri='foo'), chall_response)
+
+    def test_answer_challenge_missing_next(self):
+        with pytest.raises(errors.ClientError):
+            self.client.answer_challenge(self.challr.body, challenges.DNSResponse(validation=None))
+
+    @mock.patch('acme.client.datetime')
+    def test_poll_and_finalize(self, mock_datetime):
+        mock_datetime.datetime.now.return_value = datetime.datetime(2018, 2, 15)
+        mock_datetime.timedelta = datetime.timedelta
+        expected_deadline = mock_datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(seconds=90)
+
+        self.client.poll_authorizations = mock.Mock(return_value=self.orderr)
+        self.client.finalize_order = mock.Mock(return_value=self.orderr)
+
+        assert self.client.poll_and_finalize(self.orderr) == self.orderr
+        self.client.poll_authorizations.assert_called_once_with(self.orderr, expected_deadline)
+        self.client.finalize_order.assert_called_once_with(self.orderr, expected_deadline)
+
+    @mock.patch('acme.client.datetime')
+    def test_poll_authorizations_timeout(self, mock_datetime):
+        now_side_effect = [datetime.datetime(2018, 2, 15),
+                           datetime.datetime(2018, 2, 16),
+                           datetime.datetime(2018, 2, 17)]
+        mock_datetime.datetime.now.side_effect = now_side_effect
+        self.response.json.side_effect = [
+            self.authz.to_json(), self.authz2.to_json(), self.authz2.to_json()]
+
+        with pytest.raises(errors.TimeoutError):
+            self.client.poll_authorizations(self.orderr, now_side_effect[1])
+
+    def test_poll_authorizations_failure(self):
+        deadline = datetime.datetime(9999, 9, 9)
+        challb = self.challr.body.update(status=messages.STATUS_INVALID,
+                                         error=messages.Error.with_code('unauthorized'))
+        authz = self.authz.update(status=messages.STATUS_INVALID, challenges=(challb,))
+        self.response.json.return_value = authz.to_json()
+
+        with pytest.raises(errors.ValidationError):
+            self.client.poll_authorizations(self.orderr, deadline)
+
+    def test_poll_authorizations_success(self):
+        deadline = datetime.datetime(9999, 9, 9)
+        updated_authz2 = self.authz2.update(status=messages.STATUS_VALID)
+        updated_authzr2 = messages.AuthorizationResource(
+            body=updated_authz2, uri=self.authzr_uri2)
+        updated_orderr = self.orderr.update(authorizations=[self.authzr, updated_authzr2])
+
+        self.response.json.side_effect = (
+            self.authz.to_json(), self.authz2.to_json(), updated_authz2.to_json())
+        assert self.client.poll_authorizations(self.orderr, deadline) == updated_orderr
+
+    def test_poll_unexpected_update(self):
+        updated_authz = self.authz.update(identifier=self.identifier.update(value='foo'))
+        self.response.json.return_value = updated_authz.to_json()
+        with pytest.raises(errors.UnexpectedUpdate):
+            self.client.poll(self.authzr)
+
+    def test_finalize_order_success(self):
+        updated_order = self.order.update(
+            certificate='https://www.letsencrypt-demo.org/acme/cert/',
+            status=messages.STATUS_VALID)
+        updated_orderr = self.orderr.update(body=updated_order, fullchain_pem=CERT_SAN_PEM)
+
+        self.response.json.return_value = updated_order.to_json()
+        self.response.text = CERT_SAN_PEM
+
+        deadline = datetime.datetime(9999, 9, 9)
+        assert self.client.finalize_order(self.orderr, deadline) == updated_orderr
+
+    def test_finalize_order_error(self):
+        updated_order = self.order.update(
+            error=messages.Error.with_code('unauthorized'),
+            status=messages.STATUS_INVALID)
+        self.response.json.return_value = updated_order.to_json()
+
+        deadline = datetime.datetime(9999, 9, 9)
+        with pytest.raises(errors.IssuanceError):
+            self.client.finalize_order(self.orderr, deadline)
+
+    def test_finalize_order_invalid_status(self):
+        # https://github.com/certbot/certbot/issues/9296
+        order = self.order.update(error=None, status=messages.STATUS_INVALID)
+        self.response.json.return_value = order.to_json()
+        with pytest.raises(errors.Error, match="The certificate order failed"):
+            self.client.finalize_order(self.orderr, datetime.datetime(9999, 9, 9))
+
+    def test_finalize_order_timeout(self):
+        deadline = datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(seconds=60)
+        with pytest.raises(errors.TimeoutError):
+            self.client.finalize_order(self.orderr, deadline)
+
+    def test_finalize_order_alt_chains(self):
+        updated_order = self.order.update(
+            certificate='https://www.letsencrypt-demo.org/acme/cert/',
+            status=messages.STATUS_VALID
+        )
+        updated_orderr = self.orderr.update(body=updated_order,
+                                            fullchain_pem=CERT_SAN_PEM,
+                                            alternative_fullchains_pem=[CERT_SAN_PEM,
+                                                                        CERT_SAN_PEM])
+        self.response.json.return_value = updated_order.to_json()
+        self.response.text = CERT_SAN_PEM
+        self.response.headers['Link'] ='<https://example.com/acme/cert/1>;rel="alternate", ' + \
+            '<https://example.com/dir>;rel="index", ' + \
+            '<https://example.com/acme/cert/2>;title="foo";rel="alternate"'
+
+        deadline = datetime.datetime(9999, 9, 9)
+        resp = self.client.finalize_order(self.orderr, deadline, fetch_alternative_chains=True)
+        self.net.post.assert_any_call('https://example.com/acme/cert/1',
+                                      mock.ANY, new_nonce_url=mock.ANY)
+        self.net.post.assert_any_call('https://example.com/acme/cert/2',
+                                      mock.ANY, new_nonce_url=mock.ANY)
+        assert resp == updated_orderr
+
+        del self.response.headers['Link']
+        resp = self.client.finalize_order(self.orderr, deadline, fetch_alternative_chains=True)
+        assert resp == updated_orderr.update(alternative_fullchains_pem=[])
+
+    def test_revoke(self):
+        self.client.revoke(messages_test.CERT, self.rsn)
+        self.net.post.assert_called_once_with(
+            self.directory["revokeCert"], mock.ANY, new_nonce_url=DIRECTORY_V2['newNonce'])
+
+    def test_revoke_bad_status_raises_error(self):
+        self.response.status_code = http_client.METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED
+        with pytest.raises(errors.ClientError):
+            self.client.revoke(messages_test.CERT,
+            self.rsn)
+
+    def test_update_registration(self):
+        # "Instance of 'Field' has no to_json/update member" bug:
+        self.response.headers['Location'] = self.regr.uri
+        self.response.json.return_value = self.regr.body.to_json()
+        assert self.regr == self.client.update_registration(self.regr)
+        assert self.client.net.account is not None
+        assert self.client.net.post.call_count == 2
+        assert DIRECTORY_V2.newAccount in self.net.post.call_args_list[0][0]
+
+        self.response.json.return_value = self.regr.body.update(
+            contact=()).to_json()
+
+    def test_external_account_required_true(self):
+        self.client.directory = messages.Directory({
+            'meta': messages.Directory.Meta(external_account_required=True)
+        })
+
+        assert self.client.external_account_required()
+
+    def test_external_account_required_false(self):
+        self.client.directory = messages.Directory({
+            'meta': messages.Directory.Meta(external_account_required=False)
+        })
+
+        assert not self.client.external_account_required()
+
+    def test_external_account_required_default(self):
+        assert not self.client.external_account_required()
+
+    def test_query_registration_client(self):
+        self.response.json.return_value = self.regr.body.to_json()
+        self.response.headers['Location'] = 'https://www.letsencrypt-demo.org/acme/reg/1'
+        assert self.regr == self.client.query_registration(self.regr)
+
+    def test_post_as_get(self):
+        with mock.patch('acme.client.ClientV2._authzr_from_response') as mock_client:
+            mock_client.return_value = self.authzr2
+
+            self.client.poll(self.authzr2)  # pylint: disable=protected-access
+
+            self.client.net.post.assert_called_once_with(
+                self.authzr2.uri, None,
+                new_nonce_url='https://www.letsencrypt-demo.org/acme/new-nonce')
+            self.client.net.get.assert_not_called()
+
+    def test_retry_after_date(self):
+        self.response.headers['Retry-After'] = 'Fri, 31 Dec 1999 23:59:59 GMT'
+        assert datetime.datetime(1999, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59) == \
+            self.client.retry_after(response=self.response, default=10)
+
+    @mock.patch('acme.client.datetime')
+    def test_retry_after_invalid(self, dt_mock):
+        dt_mock.datetime.now.return_value = datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 27)
+        dt_mock.timedelta = datetime.timedelta
+
+        self.response.headers['Retry-After'] = 'foooo'
+        assert datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 27, 0, 0, 10) == \
+            self.client.retry_after(response=self.response, default=10)
+
+    @mock.patch('acme.client.datetime')
+    def test_retry_after_overflow(self, dt_mock):
+        dt_mock.datetime.now.return_value = datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 27)
+        dt_mock.timedelta = datetime.timedelta
+        dt_mock.datetime.side_effect = datetime.datetime
+
+        self.response.headers['Retry-After'] = "Tue, 116 Feb 2016 11:50:00 MST"
+        assert datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 27, 0, 0, 10) == \
+            self.client.retry_after(response=self.response, default=10)
+
+    @mock.patch('acme.client.datetime')
+    def test_retry_after_seconds(self, dt_mock):
+        dt_mock.datetime.now.return_value = datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 27)
+        dt_mock.timedelta = datetime.timedelta
+
+        self.response.headers['Retry-After'] = '50'
+        assert datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 27, 0, 0, 50) == \
+            self.client.retry_after(response=self.response, default=10)
+
+    @mock.patch('acme.client.datetime')
+    def test_retry_after_missing(self, dt_mock):
+        dt_mock.datetime.now.return_value = datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 27)
+        dt_mock.timedelta = datetime.timedelta
+
+        assert datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 27, 0, 0, 10) == \
+            self.client.retry_after(response=self.response, default=10)
+
+    def test_get_directory(self):
+        self.response.json.return_value = DIRECTORY_V2.to_json()
+        assert DIRECTORY_V2.to_partial_json() == \
+            ClientV2.get_directory('https://example.com/dir', self.net).to_partial_json()
+
+
+class MockJSONDeSerializable(jose.JSONDeSerializable):
+    # pylint: disable=missing-docstring
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        self.value = value
+
+    def to_partial_json(self):
+        return {'foo': self.value}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_json(cls, jobj):
+        pass  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+class ClientNetworkTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Tests for acme.client.ClientNetwork."""
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.verify_ssl = mock.MagicMock()
+        self.wrap_in_jws = mock.MagicMock(return_value=mock.sentinel.wrapped)
+
+        self.net = ClientNetwork(
+            key=KEY, alg=jose.RS256, verify_ssl=self.verify_ssl,
+            user_agent='acme-python-test')
+
+        self.response = mock.MagicMock(ok=True, status_code=http_client.OK)
+        self.response.headers = {}
+        self.response.links = {}
+
+    def test_init(self):
+        assert self.net.verify_ssl is self.verify_ssl
+
+    def test_wrap_in_jws(self):
+        # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        jws_dump = self.net._wrap_in_jws(
+            MockJSONDeSerializable('foo'), nonce=b'Tg', url="url")
+        jws = acme_jws.JWS.json_loads(jws_dump)
+        assert json.loads(jws.payload.decode()) == {'foo': 'foo'}
+        assert jws.signature.combined.nonce == b'Tg'
+
+    def test_wrap_in_jws_v2(self):
+        self.net.account = {'uri': 'acct-uri'}
+        # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        jws_dump = self.net._wrap_in_jws(
+            MockJSONDeSerializable('foo'), nonce=b'Tg', url="url")
+        jws = acme_jws.JWS.json_loads(jws_dump)
+        assert json.loads(jws.payload.decode()) == {'foo': 'foo'}
+        assert jws.signature.combined.nonce == b'Tg'
+        assert jws.signature.combined.kid == u'acct-uri'
+        assert jws.signature.combined.url == u'url'
+
+    def test_check_response_not_ok_jobj_no_error(self):
+        self.response.ok = False
+        self.response.json.return_value = {}
+        with mock.patch('acme.client.messages.Error.from_json') as from_json:
+            from_json.side_effect = jose.DeserializationError
+            # pylint: disable=protected-access
+            with pytest.raises(errors.ClientError):
+                self.net._check_response(self.response)
+
+    def test_check_response_not_ok_jobj_error(self):
+        self.response.ok = False
+        self.response.json.return_value = messages.Error.with_code(
+            'serverInternal', detail='foo', title='some title').to_json()
+        # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        with pytest.raises(messages.Error):
+            self.net._check_response(self.response)
+
+    def test_check_response_not_ok_no_jobj(self):
+        self.response.ok = False
+        self.response.json.side_effect = ValueError
+        # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        with pytest.raises(errors.ClientError):
+            self.net._check_response(self.response)
+
+    def test_check_response_ok_no_jobj_ct_required(self):
+        self.response.json.side_effect = ValueError
+        for response_ct in [self.net.JSON_CONTENT_TYPE, 'foo']:
+            self.response.headers['Content-Type'] = response_ct
+            # pylint: disable=protected-access
+            with pytest.raises(errors.ClientError):
+                self.net._check_response(self.response,
+                content_type=self.net.JSON_CONTENT_TYPE)
+
+    def test_check_response_ok_no_jobj_no_ct(self):
+        self.response.json.side_effect = ValueError
+        for response_ct in [self.net.JSON_CONTENT_TYPE, 'foo']:
+            self.response.headers['Content-Type'] = response_ct
+            # pylint: disable=protected-access
+            assert self.response == self.net._check_response(self.response)
+
+    @mock.patch('acme.client.logger')
+    def test_check_response_ok_ct_with_charset(self, mock_logger):
+        self.response.json.return_value = {}
+        self.response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/json; charset=utf-8'
+        # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        assert self.response == self.net._check_response(
+            self.response, content_type='application/json')
+        try:
+            mock_logger.debug.assert_called_with(
+                'Ignoring wrong Content-Type (%r) for JSON decodable response',
+                'application/json; charset=utf-8'
+            )
+        except AssertionError:
+            return
+        raise AssertionError('Expected Content-Type warning ' #pragma: no cover
+            'to not have been logged')
+
+    @mock.patch('acme.client.logger')
+    def test_check_response_ok_bad_ct(self, mock_logger):
+        self.response.json.return_value = {}
+        self.response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/plain'
+        # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        assert self.response == self.net._check_response(
+            self.response, content_type='application/json')
+        mock_logger.debug.assert_called_with(
+            'Ignoring wrong Content-Type (%r) for JSON decodable response',
+            'text/plain'
+        )
+
+    def test_check_response_conflict(self):
+        self.response.ok = False
+        self.response.status_code = 409
+        # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        with pytest.raises(errors.ConflictError):
+            self.net._check_response(self.response)
+
+    def test_check_response_jobj(self):
+        self.response.json.return_value = {}
+        for response_ct in [self.net.JSON_CONTENT_TYPE, 'foo']:
+            self.response.headers['Content-Type'] = response_ct
+            # pylint: disable=protected-access
+            assert self.response == self.net._check_response(self.response)
+
+    def test_send_request(self):
+        self.net.session = mock.MagicMock()
+        self.net.session.request.return_value = self.response
+        # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        assert self.response == self.net._send_request(
+            'HEAD', 'http://example.com/', 'foo', bar='baz')
+        self.net.session.request.assert_called_once_with(
+            'HEAD', 'http://example.com/', 'foo',
+            headers=mock.ANY, verify=mock.ANY, timeout=mock.ANY, bar='baz')
+
+    @mock.patch('acme.client.logger')
+    def test_send_request_get_der(self, mock_logger):
+        self.net.session = mock.MagicMock()
+        self.net.session.request.return_value = mock.MagicMock(
+            ok=True, status_code=http_client.OK,
+            content=b"hi")
+        # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        self.net._send_request('HEAD', 'http://example.com/', 'foo',
+          timeout=mock.ANY, bar='baz', headers={'Accept': 'application/pkix-cert'})
+        mock_logger.debug.assert_called_with(
+            'Received response:\nHTTP %d\n%s\n\n%s', 200,
+            '', b'aGk=')
+
+    def test_send_request_post(self):
+        self.net.session = mock.MagicMock()
+        self.net.session.request.return_value = self.response
+        # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        assert self.response == self.net._send_request(
+            'POST', 'http://example.com/', 'foo', data='qux', bar='baz')
+        self.net.session.request.assert_called_once_with(
+            'POST', 'http://example.com/', 'foo',
+            headers=mock.ANY, verify=mock.ANY, timeout=mock.ANY, data='qux', bar='baz')
+
+    def test_send_request_verify_ssl(self):
+        # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        for verify in True, False:
+            self.net.session = mock.MagicMock()
+            self.net.session.request.return_value = self.response
+            self.net.verify_ssl = verify
+            # pylint: disable=protected-access
+            assert self.response == \
+                self.net._send_request('GET', 'http://example.com/')
+            self.net.session.request.assert_called_once_with(
+                'GET', 'http://example.com/', verify=verify,
+                timeout=mock.ANY, headers=mock.ANY)
+
+    def test_send_request_user_agent(self):
+        self.net.session = mock.MagicMock()
+        # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        self.net._send_request('GET', 'http://example.com/',
+                               headers={'bar': 'baz'})
+        self.net.session.request.assert_called_once_with(
+            'GET', 'http://example.com/', verify=mock.ANY,
+            timeout=mock.ANY,
+            headers={'User-Agent': 'acme-python-test', 'bar': 'baz'})
+
+        self.net._send_request('GET', 'http://example.com/',
+                               headers={'User-Agent': 'foo2'})
+        self.net.session.request.assert_called_with(
+            'GET', 'http://example.com/',
+            verify=mock.ANY, timeout=mock.ANY, headers={'User-Agent': 'foo2'})
+
+    def test_send_request_timeout(self):
+        self.net.session = mock.MagicMock()
+        # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        self.net._send_request('GET', 'http://example.com/',
+                               headers={'bar': 'baz'})
+        self.net.session.request.assert_called_once_with(
+            mock.ANY, mock.ANY, verify=mock.ANY, headers=mock.ANY,
+            timeout=45)
+
+    def test_del(self, close_exception=None):
+        sess = mock.MagicMock()
+
+        if close_exception is not None:
+            sess.close.side_effect = close_exception
+
+        self.net.session = sess
+        del self.net
+        sess.close.assert_called_once_with()
+
+    def test_del_error(self):
+        self.test_del(ReferenceError)
+
+    @mock.patch('acme.client.requests')
+    def test_requests_error_passthrough(self, mock_requests):
+        mock_requests.exceptions = requests.exceptions
+        mock_requests.request.side_effect = requests.exceptions.RequestException
+        # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        with pytest.raises(requests.exceptions.RequestException):
+            self.net._send_request('GET', 'uri')
+
+    def test_urllib_error(self):
+        # Using a connection error to test a properly formatted error message
+        try:
+            # pylint: disable=protected-access
+            self.net._send_request('GET', "http://localhost:19123/nonexistent.txt")
+
+        # Value Error Generated Exceptions
+        except ValueError as y:
+            assert "Requesting localhost/nonexistent: " \
+                             "Connection refused" == str(y)
+
+        # Requests Library Exceptions
+        except requests.exceptions.ConnectionError as z: #pragma: no cover
+            assert "'Connection aborted.'" in str(z) or "[WinError 10061]" in str(z)
+
+
+class ClientNetworkWithMockedResponseTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Tests for acme.client.ClientNetwork which mock out response."""
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.net = ClientNetwork(key=None, alg=None)
+
+        self.response = mock.MagicMock(ok=True, status_code=http_client.OK)
+        self.response.headers = {}
+        self.response.links = {}
+        self.response.checked = False
+        self.acmev1_nonce_response = mock.MagicMock(
+            ok=False, status_code=http_client.METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED)
+        self.acmev1_nonce_response.headers = {}
+        self.obj = mock.MagicMock()
+        self.wrapped_obj = mock.MagicMock()
+        self.content_type = mock.sentinel.content_type
+
+        self.all_nonces = [
+            jose.b64encode(b'Nonce'),
+            jose.b64encode(b'Nonce2'), jose.b64encode(b'Nonce3')]
+        self.available_nonces = self.all_nonces[:]
+
+        def send_request(*args, **kwargs):
+            # pylint: disable=unused-argument,missing-docstring
+            assert "new_nonce_url" not in kwargs
+            method = args[0]
+            uri = args[1]
+            if method == 'HEAD' and uri != "new_nonce_uri":
+                response = self.acmev1_nonce_response
+            else:
+                response = self.response
+
+            if self.available_nonces:
+                response.headers = {
+                    self.net.REPLAY_NONCE_HEADER:
+                    self.available_nonces.pop().decode()}
+            else:
+                response.headers = {}
+            return response
+
+        # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        self.net._send_request = self.send_request = mock.MagicMock(
+            side_effect=send_request)
+        self.net._check_response = self.check_response
+        self.net._wrap_in_jws = mock.MagicMock(return_value=self.wrapped_obj)
+
+    def check_response(self, response, content_type):
+        # pylint: disable=missing-docstring
+        assert self.response == response
+        assert self.content_type == content_type
+        assert self.response.ok
+        self.response.checked = True
+        return self.response
+
+    def test_head(self):
+        assert self.acmev1_nonce_response == self.net.head(
+            'http://example.com/', 'foo', bar='baz')
+        self.send_request.assert_called_once_with(
+            'HEAD', 'http://example.com/', 'foo', bar='baz')
+
+    def test_head_v2(self):
+        assert self.response == self.net.head(
+            'new_nonce_uri', 'foo', bar='baz')
+        self.send_request.assert_called_once_with(
+            'HEAD', 'new_nonce_uri', 'foo', bar='baz')
+
+    def test_get(self):
+        assert self.response == self.net.get(
+            'http://example.com/', content_type=self.content_type, bar='baz')
+        assert self.response.checked
+        self.send_request.assert_called_once_with(
+            'GET', 'http://example.com/', bar='baz')
+
+    def test_post_no_content_type(self):
+        self.content_type = self.net.JOSE_CONTENT_TYPE
+        assert self.response == self.net.post('uri', self.obj)
+        assert self.response.checked
+
+    def test_post(self):
+        # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        assert self.response == self.net.post(
+            'uri', self.obj, content_type=self.content_type)
+        assert self.response.checked
+        self.net._wrap_in_jws.assert_called_once_with(
+            self.obj, jose.b64decode(self.all_nonces.pop()), "uri")
+
+        self.available_nonces = []
+        with pytest.raises(errors.MissingNonce):
+            self.net.post('uri', self.obj, content_type=self.content_type)
+        self.net._wrap_in_jws.assert_called_with(
+            self.obj, jose.b64decode(self.all_nonces.pop()), "uri")
+
+    def test_post_wrong_initial_nonce(self):  # HEAD
+        self.available_nonces = [b'f', jose.b64encode(b'good')]
+        with pytest.raises(errors.BadNonce):
+            self.net.post('uri',
+                          self.obj, content_type=self.content_type)
+
+    def test_post_wrong_post_response_nonce(self):
+        self.available_nonces = [jose.b64encode(b'good'), b'f']
+        with pytest.raises(errors.BadNonce):
+            self.net.post('uri',
+                          self.obj, content_type=self.content_type)
+
+    def test_post_failed_retry(self):
+        check_response = mock.MagicMock()
+        check_response.side_effect = messages.Error.with_code('badNonce')
+
+        # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        self.net._check_response = check_response
+        with pytest.raises(messages.Error):
+            self.net.post('uri',
+                          self.obj, content_type=self.content_type)
+
+    def test_post_not_retried(self):
+        check_response = mock.MagicMock()
+        check_response.side_effect = [messages.Error.with_code('malformed'),
+                                      self.response]
+
+        # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        self.net._check_response = check_response
+        with pytest.raises(messages.Error):
+            self.net.post('uri',
+                          self.obj, content_type=self.content_type)
+
+    def test_post_successful_retry(self):
+        post_once = mock.MagicMock()
+        post_once.side_effect = [messages.Error.with_code('badNonce'),
+                                      self.response]
+
+        # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        assert self.response == self.net.post(
+            'uri', self.obj, content_type=self.content_type)
+
+    def test_head_get_post_error_passthrough(self):
+        self.send_request.side_effect = requests.exceptions.RequestException
+        for method in self.net.head, self.net.get:
+            with pytest.raises(requests.exceptions.RequestException):
+                method('GET', 'uri')
+        with pytest.raises(requests.exceptions.RequestException):
+            self.net.post('uri', obj=self.obj)
+
+    def test_post_bad_nonce_head(self):
+        # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        # regression test for https://github.com/certbot/certbot/issues/6092
+        bad_response = mock.MagicMock(ok=False, status_code=http_client.SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE)
+        self.net._send_request = mock.MagicMock()
+        self.net._send_request.return_value = bad_response
+        self.content_type = None
+        check_response = mock.MagicMock()
+        self.net._check_response = check_response
+        with pytest.raises(errors.ClientError):
+            self.net.post('uri',
+                          self.obj, content_type=self.content_type,
+                          new_nonce_url='new_nonce_uri')
+        assert check_response.call_count == 1
+
+    def test_new_nonce_uri_removed(self):
+        self.content_type = None
+        self.net.post('uri', self.obj, content_type=None, new_nonce_url='new_nonce_uri')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(pytest.main(sys.argv[1:] + [__file__]))  # pragma: no cover

acme/acme/_internal/tests/crypto_util_test.py

@@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
 """Tests for acme.crypto_util."""
+import ipaddress
 import itertools
 import socket
 import socketserver
+import sys
 import threading
 import time
-import unittest
 from typing import List
+import unittest
 
 import josepy as jose
 import OpenSSL
+import pytest
 
 from acme import errors
-import test_util
+from acme._internal.tests import test_util
 
 
 class SSLSocketAndProbeSNITest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -26,11 +29,9 @@ class SSLSocketAndProbeSNITest(unittest.TestCase):
         from acme.crypto_util import SSLSocket
 
         class _TestServer(socketserver.TCPServer):
-
-            def server_bind(self):  # pylint: disable=missing-docstring
-                self.socket = SSLSocket(socket.socket(),
-                        certs)
-                socketserver.TCPServer.server_bind(self)
+            def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+                self.socket = SSLSocket(self.socket, certs)
 
         self.server = _TestServer(('', 0), socketserver.BaseRequestHandler)
         self.port = self.server.socket.getsockname()[1]
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ class SSLSocketAndProbeSNITest(unittest.TestCase):
         if self.server_thread.is_alive():
             # The thread may have already terminated.
             self.server_thread.join()  # pragma: no cover
+        self.server.server_close()
 
     def _probe(self, name):
         from acme.crypto_util import probe_sni
@@ -53,18 +55,20 @@ class SSLSocketAndProbeSNITest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_probe_ok(self):
         self._start_server()
-        self.assertEqual(self.cert, self._probe(b'foo'))
+        assert self.cert == self._probe(b'foo')
 
     def test_probe_not_recognized_name(self):
         self._start_server()
-        self.assertRaises(errors.Error, self._probe, b'bar')
+        with pytest.raises(errors.Error):
+            self._probe(b'bar')
 
     def test_probe_connection_error(self):
         self.server.server_close()
         original_timeout = socket.getdefaulttimeout()
         try:
             socket.setdefaulttimeout(1)
-            self.assertRaises(errors.Error, self._probe, b'bar')
+            with pytest.raises(errors.Error):
+                self._probe(b'bar')
         finally:
             socket.setdefaulttimeout(original_timeout)
 
@@ -74,10 +78,10 @@ class SSLSocketTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_ssl_socket_invalid_arguments(self):
         from acme.crypto_util import SSLSocket
-        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
             _ = SSLSocket(None, {'sni': ('key', 'cert')},
                     cert_selection=lambda _: None)
-        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
             _ = SSLSocket(None)
 
 
@@ -94,21 +98,20 @@ class PyOpenSSLCertOrReqAllNamesTest(unittest.TestCase):
         return self._call(test_util.load_cert, name)
 
     def test_cert_one_san_no_common(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self._call_cert('cert-nocn.der'),
-                         ['no-common-name.badssl.com'])
+        assert self._call_cert('cert-nocn.der') == \
+                         ['no-common-name.badssl.com']
 
     def test_cert_no_sans_yes_common(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self._call_cert('cert.pem'), ['example.com'])
+        assert self._call_cert('cert.pem') == ['example.com']
 
     def test_cert_two_sans_yes_common(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self._call_cert('cert-san.pem'),
-                         ['example.com', 'www.example.com'])
+        assert self._call_cert('cert-san.pem') == \
+                         ['example.com', 'www.example.com']
 
 
 class PyOpenSSLCertOrReqSANTest(unittest.TestCase):
     """Test for acme.crypto_util._pyopenssl_cert_or_req_san."""
 
-
     @classmethod
     def _call(cls, loader, name):
         # pylint: disable=protected-access
@@ -131,52 +134,93 @@ class PyOpenSSLCertOrReqSANTest(unittest.TestCase):
         return self._call(test_util.load_csr, name)
 
     def test_cert_no_sans(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self._call_cert('cert.pem'), [])
+        assert self._call_cert('cert.pem') == []
 
     def test_cert_two_sans(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self._call_cert('cert-san.pem'),
-                         ['example.com', 'www.example.com'])
+        assert self._call_cert('cert-san.pem') == \
+                         ['example.com', 'www.example.com']
 
     def test_cert_hundred_sans(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self._call_cert('cert-100sans.pem'),
-                         ['example{0}.com'.format(i) for i in range(1, 101)])
+        assert self._call_cert('cert-100sans.pem') == \
+                         ['example{0}.com'.format(i) for i in range(1, 101)]
 
     def test_cert_idn_sans(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self._call_cert('cert-idnsans.pem'),
-                         self._get_idn_names())
+        assert self._call_cert('cert-idnsans.pem') == \
+                         self._get_idn_names()
 
     def test_csr_no_sans(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self._call_csr('csr-nosans.pem'), [])
+        assert self._call_csr('csr-nosans.pem') == []
 
     def test_csr_one_san(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self._call_csr('csr.pem'), ['example.com'])
+        assert self._call_csr('csr.pem') == ['example.com']
 
     def test_csr_two_sans(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self._call_csr('csr-san.pem'),
-                         ['example.com', 'www.example.com'])
+        assert self._call_csr('csr-san.pem') == \
+                         ['example.com', 'www.example.com']
 
     def test_csr_six_sans(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self._call_csr('csr-6sans.pem'),
+        assert self._call_csr('csr-6sans.pem') == \
                          ['example.com', 'example.org', 'example.net',
                           'example.info', 'subdomain.example.com',
-                          'other.subdomain.example.com'])
+                          'other.subdomain.example.com']
 
     def test_csr_hundred_sans(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self._call_csr('csr-100sans.pem'),
-                         ['example{0}.com'.format(i) for i in range(1, 101)])
+        assert self._call_csr('csr-100sans.pem') == \
+                         ['example{0}.com'.format(i) for i in range(1, 101)]
 
     def test_csr_idn_sans(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self._call_csr('csr-idnsans.pem'),
-                         self._get_idn_names())
+        assert self._call_csr('csr-idnsans.pem') == \
+                         self._get_idn_names()
 
     def test_critical_san(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self._call_cert('critical-san.pem'),
-                         ['chicago-cubs.venafi.example', 'cubs.venafi.example'])
+        assert self._call_cert('critical-san.pem') == \
+                         ['chicago-cubs.venafi.example', 'cubs.venafi.example']
 
 
+class PyOpenSSLCertOrReqSANIPTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test for acme.crypto_util._pyopenssl_cert_or_req_san_ip."""
 
-class RandomSnTest(unittest.TestCase):
-    """Test for random certificate serial numbers."""
+    @classmethod
+    def _call(cls, loader, name):
+        # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        from acme.crypto_util import _pyopenssl_cert_or_req_san_ip
+        return _pyopenssl_cert_or_req_san_ip(loader(name))
+
+    def _call_cert(self, name):
+        return self._call(test_util.load_cert, name)
+
+    def _call_csr(self, name):
+        return self._call(test_util.load_csr, name)
+
+    def test_cert_no_sans(self):
+        assert self._call_cert('cert.pem') == []
+
+    def test_csr_no_sans(self):
+        assert self._call_csr('csr-nosans.pem') == []
+
+    def test_cert_domain_sans(self):
+        assert self._call_cert('cert-san.pem') == []
+
+    def test_csr_domain_sans(self):
+        assert self._call_csr('csr-san.pem') == []
+
+    def test_cert_ip_two_sans(self):
+        assert self._call_cert('cert-ipsans.pem') == ['192.0.2.145', '203.0.113.1']
+
+    def test_csr_ip_two_sans(self):
+        assert self._call_csr('csr-ipsans.pem') == ['192.0.2.145', '203.0.113.1']
+
+    def test_csr_ipv6_sans(self):
+        assert self._call_csr('csr-ipv6sans.pem') == \
+                         ['0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1', 'A3BE:32F3:206E:C75D:956:CEE:9858:5EC5']
+
+    def test_cert_ipv6_sans(self):
+        assert self._call_cert('cert-ipv6sans.pem') == \
+                         ['0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1', 'A3BE:32F3:206E:C75D:956:CEE:9858:5EC5']
+
+
+class GenSsCertTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test for gen_ss_cert (generation of self-signed cert)."""
 
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -187,11 +231,19 @@ class RandomSnTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_sn_collisions(self):
         from acme.crypto_util import gen_ss_cert
-
         for _ in range(self.cert_count):
-            cert = gen_ss_cert(self.key, ['dummy'], force_san=True)
+            cert = gen_ss_cert(self.key, ['dummy'], force_san=True,
+                               ips=[ipaddress.ip_address("10.10.10.10")])
             self.serial_num.append(cert.get_serial_number())
-        self.assertTrue(len(set(self.serial_num)) > 1)
+        assert len(set(self.serial_num)) >= self.cert_count
+
+
+    def test_no_name(self):
+        from acme.crypto_util import gen_ss_cert
+        with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
+            gen_ss_cert(self.key, ips=[ipaddress.ip_address("1.1.1.1")])
+            gen_ss_cert(self.key)
+
 
 class MakeCSRTest(unittest.TestCase):
     """Test for standalone functions."""
@@ -206,22 +258,41 @@ class MakeCSRTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_make_csr(self):
         csr_pem = self._call_with_key(["a.example", "b.example"])
-        self.assertTrue(b'--BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST--' in csr_pem)
-        self.assertTrue(b'--END CERTIFICATE REQUEST--' in csr_pem)
+        assert b'--BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST--' in csr_pem
+        assert b'--END CERTIFICATE REQUEST--' in csr_pem
         csr = OpenSSL.crypto.load_certificate_request(
             OpenSSL.crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, csr_pem)
         # In pyopenssl 0.13 (used with TOXENV=py27-oldest), csr objects don't
         # have a get_extensions() method, so we skip this test if the method
         # isn't available.
         if hasattr(csr, 'get_extensions'):
-            self.assertEqual(len(csr.get_extensions()), 1)
-            self.assertEqual(csr.get_extensions()[0].get_data(),
+            assert len(csr.get_extensions()) == 1
+            assert csr.get_extensions()[0].get_data() == \
                 OpenSSL.crypto.X509Extension(
                     b'subjectAltName',
                     critical=False,
                     value=b'DNS:a.example, DNS:b.example',
-                ).get_data(),
-            )
+                ).get_data()
+
+    def test_make_csr_ip(self):
+        csr_pem = self._call_with_key(["a.example"], False, [ipaddress.ip_address('127.0.0.1'), ipaddress.ip_address('::1')])
+        assert b'--BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST--' in csr_pem
+        assert b'--END CERTIFICATE REQUEST--' in csr_pem
+        csr = OpenSSL.crypto.load_certificate_request(
+            OpenSSL.crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, csr_pem)
+        # In pyopenssl 0.13 (used with TOXENV=py27-oldest), csr objects don't
+        # have a get_extensions() method, so we skip this test if the method
+        # isn't available.
+        if hasattr(csr, 'get_extensions'):
+            assert len(csr.get_extensions()) == 1
+            assert csr.get_extensions()[0].get_data() == \
+                             OpenSSL.crypto.X509Extension(
+                                 b'subjectAltName',
+                                 critical=False,
+                                 value=b'DNS:a.example, IP:127.0.0.1, IP:::1',
+                             ).get_data()
+            # for IP san it's actually need to be octet-string,
+            # but somewhere downstream thankfully handle it for us
 
     def test_make_csr_must_staple(self):
         csr_pem = self._call_with_key(["a.example"], must_staple=True)
@@ -232,14 +303,26 @@ class MakeCSRTest(unittest.TestCase):
         # have a get_extensions() method, so we skip this test if the method
         # isn't available.
         if hasattr(csr, 'get_extensions'):
-            self.assertEqual(len(csr.get_extensions()), 2)
+            assert len(csr.get_extensions()) == 2
             # NOTE: Ideally we would filter by the TLS Feature OID, but
             # OpenSSL.crypto.X509Extension doesn't give us the extension's raw OID,
             # and the shortname field is just "UNDEF"
             must_staple_exts = [e for e in csr.get_extensions()
                 if e.get_data() == b"0\x03\x02\x01\x05"]
-            self.assertEqual(len(must_staple_exts), 1,
-                "Expected exactly one Must Staple extension")
+            assert len(must_staple_exts) == 1, \
+                "Expected exactly one Must Staple extension"
+
+    def test_make_csr_without_hostname(self):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            self._call_with_key()
+
+    def test_make_csr_correct_version(self):
+        csr_pem = self._call_with_key(["a.example"])
+        csr = OpenSSL.crypto.load_certificate_request(
+            OpenSSL.crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, csr_pem)
+
+        assert csr.get_version() == 0, \
+            "Expected CSR version to be v1 (encoded as 0), per RFC 2986, section 4"
 
 
 class DumpPyopensslChainTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -257,7 +340,7 @@ class DumpPyopensslChainTest(unittest.TestCase):
         length = sum(
             len(OpenSSL.crypto.dump_certificate(OpenSSL.crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, cert))
             for cert in loaded)
-        self.assertEqual(len(self._call(loaded)), length)
+        assert len(self._call(loaded)) == length
 
     def test_dump_pyopenssl_chain_wrapped(self):
         names = ['cert.pem', 'cert-san.pem', 'cert-idnsans.pem']
@@ -266,8 +349,8 @@ class DumpPyopensslChainTest(unittest.TestCase):
         wrapped = [wrap_func(cert) for cert in loaded]
         dump_func = OpenSSL.crypto.dump_certificate
         length = sum(len(dump_func(OpenSSL.crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, cert)) for cert in loaded)
-        self.assertEqual(len(self._call(wrapped)), length)
+        assert len(self._call(wrapped)) == length
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    unittest.main()  # pragma: no cover
+    sys.exit(pytest.main(sys.argv[1:] + [__file__]))  # pragma: no cover

acme/acme/_internal/tests/errors_test.py

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 """Tests for acme.errors."""
+import sys
 import unittest
 from unittest import mock
 
+import pytest
+
 
 class BadNonceTest(unittest.TestCase):
     """Tests for acme.errors.BadNonce."""
@@ -11,7 +14,7 @@ class BadNonceTest(unittest.TestCase):
         self.error = BadNonce(nonce="xxx", error="error")
 
     def test_str(self):
-        self.assertEqual("Invalid nonce ('xxx'): error", str(self.error))
+        assert "Invalid nonce ('xxx'): error" == str(self.error)
 
 
 class MissingNonceTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -24,8 +27,8 @@ class MissingNonceTest(unittest.TestCase):
         self.error = MissingNonce(self.response)
 
     def test_str(self):
-        self.assertTrue("FOO" in str(self.error))
-        self.assertTrue("{}" in str(self.error))
+        assert "FOO" in str(self.error)
+        assert "{}" in str(self.error)
 
 
 class PollErrorTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -40,13 +43,13 @@ class PollErrorTest(unittest.TestCase):
             mock.sentinel.AR: mock.sentinel.AR2})
 
     def test_timeout(self):
-        self.assertTrue(self.timeout.timeout)
-        self.assertFalse(self.invalid.timeout)
+        assert self.timeout.timeout
+        assert not self.invalid.timeout
 
     def test_repr(self):
-        self.assertEqual('PollError(exhausted=%s, updated={sentinel.AR: '
-                         'sentinel.AR2})' % repr(set()), repr(self.invalid))
+        assert 'PollError(exhausted=%s, updated={sentinel.AR: ' \
+                         'sentinel.AR2})' % repr(set()) == repr(self.invalid)
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    unittest.main()  # pragma: no cover
+    sys.exit(pytest.main(sys.argv[1:] + [__file__]))  # pragma: no cover

acme/acme/_internal/tests/fields_test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+"""Tests for acme.fields."""
+import datetime
+import sys
+import unittest
+import warnings
+
+import josepy as jose
+import pytest
+import pytz
+
+
+class FixedTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Tests for acme.fields.Fixed."""
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        from acme.fields import fixed
+        self.field = fixed('name', 'x')
+
+    def test_decode(self):
+        assert 'x' == self.field.decode('x')
+
+    def test_decode_bad(self):
+        with pytest.raises(jose.DeserializationError):
+            self.field.decode('y')
+
+    def test_encode(self):
+        assert 'x' == self.field.encode('x')
+
+    def test_encode_override(self):
+        assert 'y' == self.field.encode('y')
+
+
+class RFC3339FieldTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Tests for acme.fields.RFC3339Field."""
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.decoded = datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 27, tzinfo=pytz.UTC)
+        self.encoded = '2015-03-27T00:00:00Z'
+
+    def test_default_encoder(self):
+        from acme.fields import RFC3339Field
+        assert self.encoded == RFC3339Field.default_encoder(self.decoded)
+
+    def test_default_encoder_naive_fails(self):
+        from acme.fields import RFC3339Field
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            RFC3339Field.default_encoder(datetime.datetime.now())
+
+    def test_default_decoder(self):
+        from acme.fields import RFC3339Field
+        assert self.decoded == RFC3339Field.default_decoder(self.encoded)
+
+    def test_default_decoder_raises_deserialization_error(self):
+        from acme.fields import RFC3339Field
+        with pytest.raises(jose.DeserializationError):
+            RFC3339Field.default_decoder('')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(pytest.main(sys.argv[1:] + [__file__]))  # pragma: no cover

acme/acme/_internal/tests/jose_test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+"""Tests for acme.jose shim."""
+import importlib
+import sys
+import unittest
+
+import pytest
+
+
+def _test_it(submodule, attribute):
+    if submodule:
+        acme_jose_path = 'acme.jose.' + submodule
+        josepy_path = 'josepy.' + submodule
+    else:
+        acme_jose_path = 'acme.jose'
+        josepy_path = 'josepy'
+    acme_jose_mod = importlib.import_module(acme_jose_path)
+    josepy_mod = importlib.import_module(josepy_path)
+
+    assert acme_jose_mod is josepy_mod
+    assert getattr(acme_jose_mod, attribute) is getattr(josepy_mod, attribute)
+
+    # We use the imports below with eval, but pylint doesn't
+    # understand that.
+    import josepy  # pylint: disable=unused-import
+
+    import acme  # pylint: disable=unused-import
+    acme_jose_mod = eval(acme_jose_path)  # pylint: disable=eval-used
+    josepy_mod = eval(josepy_path)  # pylint: disable=eval-used
+    assert acme_jose_mod is josepy_mod
+    assert getattr(acme_jose_mod, attribute) is getattr(josepy_mod, attribute)
+
+def test_top_level():
+    _test_it('', 'RS512')
+
+def test_submodules():
+    # This test ensures that the modules in josepy that were
+    # available at the time it was moved into its own package are
+    # available under acme.jose. Backwards compatibility with new
+    # modules or testing code is not maintained.
+    mods_and_attrs = [('b64', 'b64decode',),
+                      ('errors', 'Error',),
+                      ('interfaces', 'JSONDeSerializable',),
+                      ('json_util', 'Field',),
+                      ('jwa', 'HS256',),
+                      ('jwk', 'JWK',),
+                      ('jws', 'JWS',),
+                      ('util', 'ImmutableMap',),]
+
+    for mod, attr in mods_and_attrs:
+        _test_it(mod, attr)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(pytest.main(sys.argv[1:] + [__file__]))  # pragma: no cover

acme/acme/_internal/tests/jws_test.py

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 """Tests for acme.jws."""
+import sys
 import unittest
 
 import josepy as jose
+import pytest
 
-import test_util
+from acme._internal.tests import test_util
 
 KEY = jose.JWKRSA.load(test_util.load_vector('rsa512_key.pem'))
 
@@ -25,9 +27,9 @@ class HeaderTest(unittest.TestCase):
         from acme.jws import Header
         nonce_field = Header._fields['nonce']
 
-        self.assertRaises(
-            jose.DeserializationError, nonce_field.decode, self.wrong_nonce)
-        self.assertEqual(b'foo', nonce_field.decode(self.good_nonce))
+        with pytest.raises(jose.DeserializationError):
+            nonce_field.decode(self.wrong_nonce)
+        assert b'foo' == nonce_field.decode(self.good_nonce)
 
 
 class JWSTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -45,22 +47,22 @@ class JWSTest(unittest.TestCase):
         jws = JWS.sign(payload=b'foo', key=self.privkey,
                        alg=jose.RS256, nonce=self.nonce,
                        url=self.url, kid=self.kid)
-        self.assertEqual(jws.signature.combined.nonce, self.nonce)
-        self.assertEqual(jws.signature.combined.url, self.url)
-        self.assertEqual(jws.signature.combined.kid, self.kid)
-        self.assertEqual(jws.signature.combined.jwk, None)
+        assert jws.signature.combined.nonce == self.nonce
+        assert jws.signature.combined.url == self.url
+        assert jws.signature.combined.kid == self.kid
+        assert jws.signature.combined.jwk is None
         # TODO: check that nonce is in protected header
 
-        self.assertEqual(jws, JWS.from_json(jws.to_json()))
+        assert jws == JWS.from_json(jws.to_json())
 
     def test_jwk_serialize(self):
         from acme.jws import JWS
         jws = JWS.sign(payload=b'foo', key=self.privkey,
                        alg=jose.RS256, nonce=self.nonce,
                        url=self.url)
-        self.assertEqual(jws.signature.combined.kid, None)
-        self.assertEqual(jws.signature.combined.jwk, self.pubkey)
+        assert jws.signature.combined.kid is None
+        assert jws.signature.combined.jwk == self.pubkey
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    unittest.main()  # pragma: no cover
+    sys.exit(pytest.main(sys.argv[1:] + [__file__]))  # pragma: no cover

acme/acme/_internal/tests/messages_test.py

@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
 """Tests for acme.messages."""
+import contextlib
+import sys
 from typing import Dict
 import unittest
 from unittest import mock
+import warnings
 
 import josepy as jose
+import pytest
 
 from acme import challenges
-import test_util
+from acme._internal.tests import test_util
 
 CERT = test_util.load_comparable_cert('cert.der')
 CSR = test_util.load_comparable_csr('csr.der')
@@ -17,7 +21,10 @@ class ErrorTest(unittest.TestCase):
     """Tests for acme.messages.Error."""
 
     def setUp(self):
-        from acme.messages import Error, ERROR_PREFIX
+        from acme.messages import Error
+        from acme.messages import ERROR_PREFIX
+        from acme.messages import Identifier
+        from acme.messages import IDENTIFIER_FQDN
         self.error = Error.with_code('malformed', detail='foo', title='title')
         self.jobj = {
             'detail': 'foo',
@@ -25,54 +32,84 @@ class ErrorTest(unittest.TestCase):
             'type': ERROR_PREFIX + 'malformed',
         }
         self.error_custom = Error(typ='custom', detail='bar')
+        self.identifier = Identifier(typ=IDENTIFIER_FQDN, value='example.com')
+        self.subproblem = Error.with_code('caa', detail='bar', title='title', identifier=self.identifier)
+        self.error_with_subproblems = Error.with_code('malformed', detail='foo', title='title', subproblems=[self.subproblem])
         self.empty_error = Error()
 
     def test_default_typ(self):
         from acme.messages import Error
-        self.assertEqual(Error().typ, 'about:blank')
+        assert Error().typ == 'about:blank'
 
     def test_from_json_empty(self):
         from acme.messages import Error
-        self.assertEqual(Error(), Error.from_json('{}'))
+        assert Error() == Error.from_json('{}')
 
     def test_from_json_hashable(self):
         from acme.messages import Error
         hash(Error.from_json(self.error.to_json()))
 
+    def test_from_json_with_subproblems(self):
+        from acme.messages import Error
+
+        parsed_error = Error.from_json(self.error_with_subproblems.to_json())
+
+        assert 1 == len(parsed_error.subproblems)
+        assert self.subproblem == parsed_error.subproblems[0]
+
     def test_description(self):
-        self.assertEqual('The request message was malformed', self.error.description)
-        self.assertTrue(self.error_custom.description is None)
+        assert 'The request message was malformed' == self.error.description
+        assert self.error_custom.description is None
 
     def test_code(self):
         from acme.messages import Error
-        self.assertEqual('malformed', self.error.code)
-        self.assertEqual(None, self.error_custom.code)
-        self.assertEqual(None, Error().code)
+        assert 'malformed' == self.error.code
+        assert self.error_custom.code is None
+        assert Error().code is None
 
     def test_is_acme_error(self):
-        from acme.messages import is_acme_error, Error
-        self.assertTrue(is_acme_error(self.error))
-        self.assertFalse(is_acme_error(self.error_custom))
-        self.assertFalse(is_acme_error(Error()))
-        self.assertFalse(is_acme_error(self.empty_error))
-        self.assertFalse(is_acme_error("must pet all the {dogs|rabbits}"))
+        from acme.messages import Error
+        from acme.messages import is_acme_error
+        assert is_acme_error(self.error)
+        assert not is_acme_error(self.error_custom)
+        assert not is_acme_error(Error())
+        assert not is_acme_error(self.empty_error)
+        assert not is_acme_error("must pet all the {dogs|rabbits}")
 
     def test_unicode_error(self):
-        from acme.messages import Error, is_acme_error
+        from acme.messages import Error
+        from acme.messages import is_acme_error
         arabic_error = Error.with_code(
             'malformed', detail=u'\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629', title='title')
-        self.assertTrue(is_acme_error(arabic_error))
+        assert is_acme_error(arabic_error)
 
     def test_with_code(self):
-        from acme.messages import Error, is_acme_error
-        self.assertTrue(is_acme_error(Error.with_code('badCSR')))
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Error.with_code, 'not an ACME error code')
+        from acme.messages import Error
+        from acme.messages import is_acme_error
+        assert is_acme_error(Error.with_code('badCSR'))
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            Error.with_code('not an ACME error code')
 
     def test_str(self):
-        self.assertEqual(
-            str(self.error),
-            u"{0.typ} :: {0.description} :: {0.detail} :: {0.title}"
-            .format(self.error))
+        assert str(self.error) == \
+            u"{0.typ} :: {0.description} :: {0.detail} :: {0.title}" \
+            .format(self.error)
+        assert str(self.error_with_subproblems) == \
+            (u"{0.typ} :: {0.description} :: {0.detail} :: {0.title}\n"+
+            u"Problem for {1.identifier.value}: {1.typ} :: {1.description} :: {1.detail} :: {1.title}").format(
+        self.error_with_subproblems, self.subproblem)
+
+    # this test is based on a minimal reproduction of a contextmanager/immutable
+    # exception related error: https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/99856
+    def test_setting_traceback(self):
+        assert self.error_custom.__traceback__ is None
+
+        try:
+            1/0
+        except ZeroDivisionError as e:
+            self.error_custom.__traceback__ = e.__traceback__
+
+        assert self.error_custom.__traceback__ is not None
 
 
 class ConstantTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -89,28 +126,28 @@ class ConstantTest(unittest.TestCase):
         self.const_b = MockConstant('b')
 
     def test_to_partial_json(self):
-        self.assertEqual('a', self.const_a.to_partial_json())
-        self.assertEqual('b', self.const_b.to_partial_json())
+        assert 'a' == self.const_a.to_partial_json()
+        assert 'b' == self.const_b.to_partial_json()
 
     def test_from_json(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.const_a, self.MockConstant.from_json('a'))
-        self.assertRaises(
-            jose.DeserializationError, self.MockConstant.from_json, 'c')
+        assert self.const_a == self.MockConstant.from_json('a')
+        with pytest.raises(jose.DeserializationError):
+            self.MockConstant.from_json('c')
 
     def test_from_json_hashable(self):
         hash(self.MockConstant.from_json('a'))
 
     def test_repr(self):
-        self.assertEqual('MockConstant(a)', repr(self.const_a))
-        self.assertEqual('MockConstant(b)', repr(self.const_b))
+        assert 'MockConstant(a)' == repr(self.const_a)
+        assert 'MockConstant(b)' == repr(self.const_b)
 
     def test_equality(self):
         const_a_prime = self.MockConstant('a')
-        self.assertNotEqual(self.const_a, self.const_b)
-        self.assertEqual(self.const_a, const_a_prime)
+        assert self.const_a != self.const_b
+        assert self.const_a == const_a_prime
 
-        self.assertNotEqual(self.const_a, self.const_b)
-        self.assertEqual(self.const_a, const_a_prime)
+        assert self.const_a != self.const_b
+        assert self.const_a == const_a_prime
 
 
 class DirectoryTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -119,8 +156,8 @@ class DirectoryTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         from acme.messages import Directory
         self.dir = Directory({
-            'new-reg': 'reg',
-            mock.MagicMock(resource_type='new-cert'): 'cert',
+            'newReg': 'reg',
+            'newCert': 'cert',
             'meta': Directory.Meta(
                 terms_of_service='https://example.com/acme/terms',
                 website='https://www.example.com/',
@@ -133,30 +170,29 @@ class DirectoryTest(unittest.TestCase):
         Directory({'foo': 'bar'})
 
     def test_getitem(self):
-        self.assertEqual('reg', self.dir['new-reg'])
-        from acme.messages import NewRegistration
-        self.assertEqual('reg', self.dir[NewRegistration])
-        self.assertEqual('reg', self.dir[NewRegistration()])
+        assert 'reg' == self.dir['newReg']
 
     def test_getitem_fails_with_key_error(self):
-        self.assertRaises(KeyError, self.dir.__getitem__, 'foo')
+        with pytest.raises(KeyError):
+            self.dir.__getitem__('foo')
 
     def test_getattr(self):
-        self.assertEqual('reg', self.dir.new_reg)
+        assert 'reg' == self.dir.newReg
 
     def test_getattr_fails_with_attribute_error(self):
-        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, self.dir.__getattr__, 'foo')
+        with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
+            self.dir.__getattr__('foo')
 
     def test_to_json(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.dir.to_json(), {
-            'new-reg': 'reg',
-            'new-cert': 'cert',
+        assert self.dir.to_json() == {
+            'newReg': 'reg',
+            'newCert': 'cert',
             'meta': {
-                'terms-of-service': 'https://example.com/acme/terms',
+                'termsOfService': 'https://example.com/acme/terms',
                 'website': 'https://www.example.com/',
                 'caaIdentities': ['example.com'],
             },
-        })
+        }
 
     def test_from_json_deserialization_unknown_key_success(self):  # pylint: disable=no-self-use
         from acme.messages import Directory
@@ -167,7 +203,7 @@ class DirectoryTest(unittest.TestCase):
         for k in self.dir.meta:
             if k == 'terms_of_service':
                 result = self.dir.meta[k] == 'https://example.com/acme/terms'
-        self.assertTrue(result)
+        assert result
 
 
 class ExternalAccountBindingTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -184,8 +220,8 @@ class ExternalAccountBindingTest(unittest.TestCase):
         from acme.messages import ExternalAccountBinding
         eab = ExternalAccountBinding.from_data(self.key, self.kid, self.hmac_key, self.dir)
 
-        self.assertEqual(len(eab), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(eab.keys()), sorted(['protected', 'payload', 'signature']))
+        assert len(eab) == 3
+        assert sorted(eab.keys()) == sorted(['protected', 'payload', 'signature'])
 
 
 class RegistrationTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -214,13 +250,15 @@ class RegistrationTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_from_data(self):
         from acme.messages import Registration
         reg = Registration.from_data(phone='1234', email='admin@foo.com')
-        self.assertEqual(reg.contact, (
+        assert reg.contact == (
             'tel:1234',
             'mailto:admin@foo.com',
-        ))
+        )
 
     def test_new_registration_from_data_with_eab(self):
-        from acme.messages import NewRegistration, ExternalAccountBinding, Directory
+        from acme.messages import Directory
+        from acme.messages import ExternalAccountBinding
+        from acme.messages import NewRegistration
         key = jose.jwk.JWKRSA(key=KEY.public_key())
         kid = "kid-for-testing"
         hmac_key = "hmac-key-for-testing"
@@ -229,24 +267,24 @@ class RegistrationTest(unittest.TestCase):
         })
         eab = ExternalAccountBinding.from_data(key, kid, hmac_key, directory)
         reg = NewRegistration.from_data(email='admin@foo.com', external_account_binding=eab)
-        self.assertEqual(reg.contact, (
+        assert reg.contact == (
             'mailto:admin@foo.com',
-        ))
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(reg.external_account_binding.keys()),
-                         sorted(['protected', 'payload', 'signature']))
+        )
+        assert sorted(reg.external_account_binding.keys()) == \
+                         sorted(['protected', 'payload', 'signature'])
 
     def test_phones(self):
-        self.assertEqual(('1234',), self.reg.phones)
+        assert ('1234',) == self.reg.phones
 
     def test_emails(self):
-        self.assertEqual(('admin@foo.com',), self.reg.emails)
+        assert ('admin@foo.com',) == self.reg.emails
 
     def test_to_partial_json(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.jobj_to, self.reg.to_partial_json())
+        assert self.jobj_to == self.reg.to_partial_json()
 
     def test_from_json(self):
         from acme.messages import Registration
-        self.assertEqual(self.reg, Registration.from_json(self.jobj_from))
+        assert self.reg == Registration.from_json(self.jobj_from)
 
     def test_from_json_hashable(self):
         from acme.messages import Registration
@@ -257,13 +295,13 @@ class RegistrationTest(unittest.TestCase):
         empty_new_reg = NewRegistration()
         new_reg_with_contact = NewRegistration(contact=())
 
-        self.assertEqual(empty_new_reg.contact, ())
-        self.assertEqual(new_reg_with_contact.contact, ())
+        assert empty_new_reg.contact == ()
+        assert new_reg_with_contact.contact == ()
 
-        self.assertTrue('contact' not in empty_new_reg.to_partial_json())
-        self.assertTrue('contact' not in empty_new_reg.fields_to_partial_json())
-        self.assertTrue('contact' in new_reg_with_contact.to_partial_json())
-        self.assertTrue('contact' in new_reg_with_contact.fields_to_partial_json())
+        assert 'contact' not in empty_new_reg.to_partial_json()
+        assert 'contact' not in empty_new_reg.fields_to_partial_json()
+        assert 'contact' in new_reg_with_contact.to_partial_json()
+        assert 'contact' in new_reg_with_contact.fields_to_partial_json()
 
 
 class UpdateRegistrationTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -272,9 +310,8 @@ class UpdateRegistrationTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_empty(self):
         from acme.messages import UpdateRegistration
         jstring = '{"resource": "reg"}'
-        self.assertEqual(jstring, UpdateRegistration().json_dumps())
-        self.assertEqual(
-            UpdateRegistration(), UpdateRegistration.json_loads(jstring))
+        assert '{}' == UpdateRegistration().json_dumps()
+        assert UpdateRegistration() == UpdateRegistration.json_loads(jstring)
 
 
 class RegistrationResourceTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -287,11 +324,11 @@ class RegistrationResourceTest(unittest.TestCase):
             terms_of_service=mock.sentinel.terms_of_service)
 
     def test_to_partial_json(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.regr.to_json(), {
+        assert self.regr.to_json() == {
             'body': mock.sentinel.body,
             'uri': mock.sentinel.uri,
             'terms_of_service': mock.sentinel.terms_of_service,
-        })
+        }
 
 
 class ChallengeResourceTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -299,8 +336,8 @@ class ChallengeResourceTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_uri(self):
         from acme.messages import ChallengeResource
-        self.assertEqual('http://challb', ChallengeResource(body=mock.MagicMock(
-            uri='http://challb'), authzr_uri='http://authz').uri)
+        assert 'http://challb' == ChallengeResource(body=mock.MagicMock(
+            uri='http://challb'), authzr_uri='http://authz').uri
 
 
 class ChallengeBodyTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -320,7 +357,7 @@ class ChallengeBodyTest(unittest.TestCase):
             error=error)
 
         self.jobj_to = {
-            'uri': 'http://challb',
+            'url': 'http://challb',
             'status': self.status,
             'type': 'dns',
             'token': 'evaGxfADs6pSRb2LAv9IZf17Dt3juxGJ-PCt92wr-oA',
@@ -334,22 +371,22 @@ class ChallengeBodyTest(unittest.TestCase):
         }
 
     def test_encode(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.challb.encode('uri'), self.challb.uri)
+        assert self.challb.encode('uri') == self.challb.uri
 
     def test_to_partial_json(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.jobj_to, self.challb.to_partial_json())
+        assert self.jobj_to == self.challb.to_partial_json()
 
     def test_from_json(self):
         from acme.messages import ChallengeBody
-        self.assertEqual(self.challb, ChallengeBody.from_json(self.jobj_from))
+        assert self.challb == ChallengeBody.from_json(self.jobj_from)
 
     def test_from_json_hashable(self):
         from acme.messages import ChallengeBody
         hash(ChallengeBody.from_json(self.jobj_from))
 
     def test_proxy(self):
-        self.assertEqual(jose.b64decode(
-            'evaGxfADs6pSRb2LAv9IZf17Dt3juxGJ-PCt92wr-oA'), self.challb.token)
+        assert jose.b64decode(
+            'evaGxfADs6pSRb2LAv9IZf17Dt3juxGJ-PCt92wr-oA') == self.challb.token
 
 
 class AuthorizationTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -367,20 +404,17 @@ class AuthorizationTest(unittest.TestCase):
                           chall=challenges.DNS(
                               token=b'DGyRejmCefe7v4NfDGDKfA')),
         )
-        combinations = ((0,), (1,))
 
         from acme.messages import Authorization
         from acme.messages import Identifier
         from acme.messages import IDENTIFIER_FQDN
         identifier = Identifier(typ=IDENTIFIER_FQDN, value='example.com')
         self.authz = Authorization(
-            identifier=identifier, combinations=combinations,
-            challenges=self.challbs)
+            identifier=identifier, challenges=self.challbs)
 
         self.jobj_from = {
             'identifier': identifier.to_json(),
             'challenges': [challb.to_json() for challb in self.challbs],
-            'combinations': combinations,
         }
 
     def test_from_json(self):
@@ -391,12 +425,6 @@ class AuthorizationTest(unittest.TestCase):
         from acme.messages import Authorization
         hash(Authorization.from_json(self.jobj_from))
 
-    def test_resolved_combinations(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.authz.resolved_combinations, (
-            (self.challbs[0],),
-            (self.challbs[1],),
-        ))
-
 
 class AuthorizationResourceTest(unittest.TestCase):
     """Tests for acme.messages.AuthorizationResource."""
@@ -406,7 +434,7 @@ class AuthorizationResourceTest(unittest.TestCase):
         authzr = AuthorizationResource(
             uri=mock.sentinel.uri,
             body=mock.sentinel.body)
-        self.assertTrue(isinstance(authzr, jose.JSONDeSerializable))
+        assert isinstance(authzr, jose.JSONDeSerializable)
 
 
 class CertificateRequestTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -417,10 +445,9 @@ class CertificateRequestTest(unittest.TestCase):
         self.req = CertificateRequest(csr=CSR)
 
     def test_json_de_serializable(self):
-        self.assertTrue(isinstance(self.req, jose.JSONDeSerializable))
+        assert isinstance(self.req, jose.JSONDeSerializable)
         from acme.messages import CertificateRequest
-        self.assertEqual(
-            self.req, CertificateRequest.from_json(self.req.to_json()))
+        assert self.req == CertificateRequest.from_json(self.req.to_json())
 
 
 class CertificateResourceTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -433,10 +460,9 @@ class CertificateResourceTest(unittest.TestCase):
             cert_chain_uri=mock.sentinel.cert_chain_uri)
 
     def test_json_de_serializable(self):
-        self.assertTrue(isinstance(self.certr, jose.JSONDeSerializable))
+        assert isinstance(self.certr, jose.JSONDeSerializable)
         from acme.messages import CertificateResource
-        self.assertEqual(
-            self.certr, CertificateResource.from_json(self.certr.to_json()))
+        assert self.certr == CertificateResource.from_json(self.certr.to_json())
 
 
 class RevocationTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -460,12 +486,42 @@ class OrderResourceTest(unittest.TestCase):
             body=mock.sentinel.body, uri=mock.sentinel.uri)
 
     def test_to_partial_json(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.regr.to_json(), {
+        assert self.regr.to_json() == {
             'body': mock.sentinel.body,
             'uri': mock.sentinel.uri,
             'authorizations': None,
-        })
+        }
 
+    def test_json_de_serializable(self):
+        from acme.messages import ChallengeBody
+        from acme.messages import STATUS_PENDING
+        challbs = (
+            ChallengeBody(
+                uri='http://challb1', status=STATUS_PENDING,
+                chall=challenges.HTTP01(token=b'IlirfxKKXAsHtmzK29Pj8A')),
+            ChallengeBody(uri='http://challb2', status=STATUS_PENDING,
+                          chall=challenges.DNS(
+                              token=b'DGyRejmCefe7v4NfDGDKfA')),
+        )
+
+        from acme.messages import Authorization
+        from acme.messages import AuthorizationResource
+        from acme.messages import Identifier
+        from acme.messages import IDENTIFIER_FQDN
+        identifier = Identifier(typ=IDENTIFIER_FQDN, value='example.com')
+        authz = AuthorizationResource(uri="http://authz1",
+                                      body=Authorization(
+                                          identifier=identifier,
+                                          challenges=challbs))
+        from acme.messages import Order
+        body = Order(identifiers=(identifier,), status=STATUS_PENDING,
+                     authorizations=tuple(challb.uri for challb in challbs))
+        from acme.messages import OrderResource
+        orderr = OrderResource(uri="http://order1", body=body,
+                               csr_pem=b'test blob',
+                               authorizations=(authz,))
+        self.assertEqual(orderr,
+                         OrderResource.from_json(orderr.to_json()))
 
 class NewOrderTest(unittest.TestCase):
     """Tests for acme.messages.NewOrder."""
@@ -476,9 +532,9 @@ class NewOrderTest(unittest.TestCase):
             identifiers=mock.sentinel.identifiers)
 
     def test_to_partial_json(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.reg.to_json(), {
+        assert self.reg.to_json() == {
             'identifiers': mock.sentinel.identifiers,
-        })
+        }
 
 
 class JWSPayloadRFC8555Compliant(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -487,12 +543,11 @@ class JWSPayloadRFC8555Compliant(unittest.TestCase):
         from acme.messages import NewAuthorization
 
         new_order = NewAuthorization()
-        new_order.le_acme_version = 2
 
         jobj = new_order.json_dumps(indent=2).encode()
         # RFC8555 states that JWS bodies must not have a resource field.
-        self.assertEqual(jobj, b'{}')
+        assert jobj == b'{}'
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    unittest.main()  # pragma: no cover
+    sys.exit(pytest.main(sys.argv[1:] + [__file__]))  # pragma: no cover

acme/acme/_internal/tests/standalone_test.py

@@ -2,19 +2,20 @@
 import http.client as http_client
 import socket
 import socketserver
+import sys
 import threading
-import unittest
 from typing import Set
+import unittest
 from unittest import mock
 
 import josepy as jose
+import pytest
 import requests
 
 from acme import challenges
 from acme import crypto_util
 from acme import errors
-
-import test_util
+from acme._internal.tests import test_util
 
 
 class TLSServerTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -54,18 +55,18 @@ class HTTP01ServerTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def tearDown(self):
         self.server.shutdown()
         self.thread.join()
+        self.server.server_close()
 
     def test_index(self):
         response = requests.get(
             'http://localhost:{0}'.format(self.port), verify=False)
-        self.assertEqual(
-            response.text, 'ACME client standalone challenge solver')
-        self.assertTrue(response.ok)
+        assert response.text == 'ACME client standalone challenge solver'
+        assert response.ok
 
     def test_404(self):
         response = requests.get(
             'http://localhost:{0}/foo'.format(self.port), verify=False)
-        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, http_client.NOT_FOUND)
+        assert response.status_code == http_client.NOT_FOUND
 
     def _test_http01(self, add):
         chall = challenges.HTTP01(token=(b'x' * 16))
@@ -81,32 +82,32 @@ class HTTP01ServerTest(unittest.TestCase):
             port=self.port)
 
     def test_http01_found(self):
-        self.assertTrue(self._test_http01(add=True))
+        assert self._test_http01(add=True)
 
     def test_http01_not_found(self):
-        self.assertFalse(self._test_http01(add=False))
+        assert not self._test_http01(add=False)
 
     def test_timely_shutdown(self):
         from acme.standalone import HTTP01Server
-        server = HTTP01Server(('', 0), resources=set(), timeout=0.05)
-        server_thread = threading.Thread(target=server.serve_forever)
-        server_thread.start()
+        with HTTP01Server(('', 0), resources=set(), timeout=0.05) as server:
+            server_thread = threading.Thread(target=server.serve_forever)
+            server_thread.start()
 
-        client = socket.socket()
-        client.connect(('localhost', server.socket.getsockname()[1]))
+            with socket.socket() as client:
+                client.connect(('localhost', server.socket.getsockname()[1]))
 
-        stop_thread = threading.Thread(target=server.shutdown)
-        stop_thread.start()
-        server_thread.join(5.)
+                stop_thread = threading.Thread(target=server.shutdown)
+                stop_thread.start()
+                server_thread.join(5.)
 
-        is_hung = server_thread.is_alive()
-        try:
-            client.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
-        except: # pragma: no cover, pylint: disable=bare-except
-            # may raise error because socket could already be closed
-            pass
+                is_hung = server_thread.is_alive()
+                try:
+                    client.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
+                except: # pragma: no cover, pylint: disable=bare-except
+                    # may raise error because socket could already be closed
+                    pass
 
-        self.assertFalse(is_hung, msg='Server shutdown should not be hung')
+                assert not is_hung, 'Server shutdown should not be hung'
 
 
 @unittest.skipIf(not challenges.TLSALPN01.is_supported(), "pyOpenSSL too old")
@@ -133,6 +134,7 @@ class TLSALPN01ServerTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def tearDown(self):
         self.server.shutdown()  # pylint: disable=no-member
         self.thread.join()
+        self.server.server_close()
 
     # TODO: This is not implemented yet, see comments in standalone.py
     # def test_certs(self):
@@ -149,14 +151,12 @@ class TLSALPN01ServerTest(unittest.TestCase):
             b'localhost', host=host, port=port, timeout=1,
             alpn_protocols=[b"acme-tls/1"])
         #  Expect challenge cert when connecting with ALPN.
-        self.assertEqual(
-                jose.ComparableX509(cert),
+        assert jose.ComparableX509(cert) == \
                 jose.ComparableX509(self.challenge_certs[b'localhost'][1])
-        )
 
     def test_bad_alpn(self):
         host, port = self.server.socket.getsockname()[:2]
-        with self.assertRaises(errors.Error):
+        with pytest.raises(errors.Error):
             crypto_util.probe_sni(
                 b'localhost', host=host, port=port, timeout=1,
                 alpn_protocols=[b"bad-alpn"])
@@ -165,7 +165,6 @@ class TLSALPN01ServerTest(unittest.TestCase):
 class BaseDualNetworkedServersTest(unittest.TestCase):
     """Test for acme.standalone.BaseDualNetworkedServers."""
 
-
     class SingleProtocolServer(socketserver.TCPServer):
         """Server that only serves on a single protocol. FreeBSD has this behavior for AF_INET6."""
         def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -175,7 +174,7 @@ class BaseDualNetworkedServersTest(unittest.TestCase):
                 kwargs["bind_and_activate"] = False
             else:
                 self.address_family = socket.AF_INET
-            socketserver.TCPServer.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+            super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
             if ipv6:
                 # NB: On Windows, socket.IPPROTO_IPV6 constant may be missing.
                 # We use the corresponding value (41) instead.
@@ -190,12 +189,18 @@ class BaseDualNetworkedServersTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     @mock.patch("socket.socket.bind")
     def test_fail_to_bind(self, mock_bind):
-        mock_bind.side_effect = socket.error
+        from errno import EADDRINUSE
+
         from acme.standalone import BaseDualNetworkedServers
-        self.assertRaises(socket.error, BaseDualNetworkedServers,
-                          BaseDualNetworkedServersTest.SingleProtocolServer,
-                          ('', 0),
-                          socketserver.BaseRequestHandler)
+
+        mock_bind.side_effect = socket.error(EADDRINUSE, "Fake addr in use error")
+
+        with pytest.raises(socket.error) as exc_info:
+            BaseDualNetworkedServers(
+                BaseDualNetworkedServersTest.SingleProtocolServer,
+                ('', 0), socketserver.BaseRequestHandler)
+
+        assert exc_info.value.errno == EADDRINUSE
 
     def test_ports_equal(self):
         from acme.standalone import BaseDualNetworkedServers
@@ -209,8 +214,10 @@ class BaseDualNetworkedServersTest(unittest.TestCase):
         for sockname in socknames:
             port = sockname[1]
             if prev_port:
-                self.assertEqual(prev_port, port)
+                assert prev_port == port
             prev_port = port
+        for server in servers.servers:
+            server.server_close()
 
 
 class HTTP01DualNetworkedServersTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -233,14 +240,13 @@ class HTTP01DualNetworkedServersTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_index(self):
         response = requests.get(
             'http://localhost:{0}'.format(self.port), verify=False)
-        self.assertEqual(
-            response.text, 'ACME client standalone challenge solver')
-        self.assertTrue(response.ok)
+        assert response.text == 'ACME client standalone challenge solver'
+        assert response.ok
 
     def test_404(self):
         response = requests.get(
             'http://localhost:{0}/foo'.format(self.port), verify=False)
-        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, http_client.NOT_FOUND)
+        assert response.status_code == http_client.NOT_FOUND
 
     def _test_http01(self, add):
         chall = challenges.HTTP01(token=(b'x' * 16))
@@ -256,11 +262,11 @@ class HTTP01DualNetworkedServersTest(unittest.TestCase):
             port=self.port)
 
     def test_http01_found(self):
-        self.assertTrue(self._test_http01(add=True))
+        assert self._test_http01(add=True)
 
     def test_http01_not_found(self):
-        self.assertFalse(self._test_http01(add=False))
+        assert not self._test_http01(add=False)
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    unittest.main()  # pragma: no cover
+    sys.exit(pytest.main(sys.argv[1:] + [__file__]))  # pragma: no cover

acme/acme/_internal/tests/test_util.py

@@ -4,19 +4,25 @@
 
 """
 import os
+import sys
 
 from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
 from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization
 import josepy as jose
+from josepy.util import ComparableECKey
 from OpenSSL import crypto
-import pkg_resources
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):  # pragma: no cover
+    import importlib.resources as importlib_resources
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    import importlib_resources
 
 
 def load_vector(*names):
     """Load contents of a test vector."""
     # luckily, resource_string opens file in binary mode
-    return pkg_resources.resource_string(
-        __name__, os.path.join('testdata', *names))
+    vector_ref = importlib_resources.files(__package__).joinpath('testdata', *names)
+    return vector_ref.read_bytes()
 
 
 def _guess_loader(filename, loader_pem, loader_der):
@@ -60,6 +66,14 @@ def load_rsa_private_key(*names):
         load_vector(*names), password=None, backend=default_backend()))
 
 
+def load_ecdsa_private_key(*names):
+    """Load ECDSA private key."""
+    loader = _guess_loader(names[-1], serialization.load_pem_private_key,
+                           serialization.load_der_private_key)
+    return ComparableECKey(loader(
+        load_vector(*names), password=None, backend=default_backend()))
+
+
 def load_pyopenssl_private_key(*names):
     """Load pyOpenSSL private key."""
     loader = _guess_loader(

acme/acme/_internal/tests/testdata/README

@@ -15,3 +15,7 @@ and for the certificates:
   openssl req -key rsa2048_key.pem -new -subj '/CN=example.com' -x509 -outform DER > cert.der
   openssl req -key rsa2048_key.pem -new -subj '/CN=example.com' -x509 > rsa2048_cert.pem
   openssl req -key rsa1024_key.pem -new -subj '/CN=example.com' -x509 > rsa1024_cert.pem
+
+and for the elliptic key curves:
+
+  openssl genpkey -algorithm EC -out ec_secp384r1.pem -pkeyopt ec_paramgen_curve:P-384 -pkeyopt ec_param_enc:named_curve

acme/acme/_internal/tests/testdata/cert-ipsans.pem

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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=
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----

acme/acme/_internal/tests/testdata/cert-ipv6sans.pem

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----

acme/acme/_internal/tests/testdata/csr-ipsans.pem

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----

acme/acme/_internal/tests/testdata/csr-ipv6sans.pem

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----

acme/acme/_internal/tests/testdata/csr-mixed.pem

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----

acme/acme/_internal/tests/testdata/ec_secp384r1_key.pem

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
+MIG2AgEAMBAGByqGSM49AgEGBSuBBAAiBIGeMIGbAgEBBDArTn0pbFk3xHfKeXte
+xJgS4JVdJQ8mqvezhaNpULZPnwb+mcKLlrj6f5SRM52yREGhZANiAAQcrMoPMVqV
+rHnDGGz5HUKLNmXfChlNgsrwsruawXF+M283CA6eckAjTXNyiC/ounWmvtoKsZG0
+2UQOfQUNSCANId/r986yRGc03W6RJSkcRp86qBYjNsLgbZpber/3+M4=
+-----END PRIVATE KEY-----

acme/acme/_internal/tests/util_test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+"""Tests for acme.util."""
+import sys
+import unittest
+
+import pytest
+
+
+def test_it():
+    from acme.util import map_keys
+    assert {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'} == \
+                     map_keys({'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'}, lambda key: key)
+    assert {2: 2, 4: 4} == map_keys({1: 2, 3: 4}, lambda x: x + 1)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(pytest.main(sys.argv[1:] + [__file__]))  # pragma: no cover

acme/acme/challenges.py

@@ -5,43 +5,56 @@ import functools
 import hashlib
 import logging
 import socket
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
 from typing import Type
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
 
-from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes  # type: ignore
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
 import josepy as jose
 from OpenSSL import crypto
-from OpenSSL import SSL  # type: ignore # https://github.com/python/typeshed/issues/2052
+from OpenSSL import SSL
 import requests
 
 from acme import crypto_util
 from acme import errors
-from acme import fields
-from acme.mixins import ResourceMixin
-from acme.mixins import TypeMixin
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
+GenericChallenge = TypeVar('GenericChallenge', bound='Challenge')
+
 
 class Challenge(jose.TypedJSONObjectWithFields):
     # _fields_to_partial_json
     """ACME challenge."""
-    TYPES: dict = {}
+    TYPES: Dict[str, Type['Challenge']] = {}
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_json(cls, jobj):
+    def from_json(cls: Type[GenericChallenge],
+                  jobj: Mapping[str, Any]) -> Union[GenericChallenge, 'UnrecognizedChallenge']:
         try:
-            return super(Challenge, cls).from_json(jobj)
+            return cast(GenericChallenge, super().from_json(jobj))
         except jose.UnrecognizedTypeError as error:
             logger.debug(error)
             return UnrecognizedChallenge.from_json(jobj)
 
 
-class ChallengeResponse(ResourceMixin, TypeMixin, jose.TypedJSONObjectWithFields):
+class ChallengeResponse(jose.TypedJSONObjectWithFields):
     # _fields_to_partial_json
     """ACME challenge response."""
-    TYPES: dict = {}
-    resource_type = 'challenge'
-    resource = fields.Resource(resource_type)
+    TYPES: Dict[str, Type['ChallengeResponse']] = {}
+
+    def to_partial_json(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        # Removes the `type` field which is inserted by TypedJSONObjectWithFields.to_partial_json.
+        # This field breaks RFC8555 compliance.
+        jobj = super().to_partial_json()
+        jobj.pop(self.type_field_name, None)
+        return jobj
 
 
 class UnrecognizedChallenge(Challenge):
@@ -56,16 +69,17 @@ class UnrecognizedChallenge(Challenge):
     :ivar jobj: Original JSON decoded object.
 
     """
+    jobj: Dict[str, Any]
 
-    def __init__(self, jobj):
-        super(UnrecognizedChallenge, self).__init__()
+    def __init__(self, jobj: Mapping[str, Any]) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
         object.__setattr__(self, "jobj", jobj)
 
-    def to_partial_json(self):
+    def to_partial_json(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         return self.jobj  # pylint: disable=no-member
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_json(cls, jobj):
+    def from_json(cls, jobj: Mapping[str, Any]) -> 'UnrecognizedChallenge':
         return cls(jobj)
 
 
@@ -79,13 +93,13 @@ class _TokenChallenge(Challenge):
     """Minimum size of the :attr:`token` in bytes."""
 
     # TODO: acme-spec doesn't specify token as base64-encoded value
-    token = jose.Field(
+    token: bytes = jose.field(
         "token", encoder=jose.encode_b64jose, decoder=functools.partial(
             jose.decode_b64jose, size=TOKEN_SIZE, minimum=True))
 
     # XXX: rename to ~token_good_for_url
     @property
-    def good_token(self):  # XXX: @token.decoder
+    def good_token(self) -> bool:  # XXX: @token.decoder
         """Is `token` good?
 
         .. todo:: acme-spec wants "It MUST NOT contain any non-ASCII
@@ -102,13 +116,13 @@ class _TokenChallenge(Challenge):
 class KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse(ChallengeResponse):
     """Response to Challenges based on Key Authorization.
 
-    :param unicode key_authorization:
+    :param str key_authorization:
 
     """
-    key_authorization = jose.Field("keyAuthorization")
+    key_authorization: str = jose.field("keyAuthorization")
     thumbprint_hash_function = hashes.SHA256
 
-    def verify(self, chall, account_public_key):
+    def verify(self, chall: 'KeyAuthorizationChallenge', account_public_key: jose.JWK) -> bool:
         """Verify the key authorization.
 
         :param KeyAuthorization chall: Challenge that corresponds to
@@ -120,7 +134,7 @@ class KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse(ChallengeResponse):
         :rtype: bool
 
         """
-        parts = self.key_authorization.split('.')
+        parts = self.key_authorization.split('.')  # pylint: disable=no-member
         if len(parts) != 2:
             logger.debug("Key authorization (%r) is not well formed",
                          self.key_authorization)
@@ -140,12 +154,15 @@ class KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse(ChallengeResponse):
 
         return True
 
-    def to_partial_json(self):
-        jobj = super(KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse, self).to_partial_json()
+    def to_partial_json(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        jobj = super().to_partial_json()
         jobj.pop('keyAuthorization', None)
         return jobj
 
 
+# TODO: Make this method a generic of K (bound=KeyAuthorizationChallenge), response_cls of type
+#  Type[K] and use it in response/response_and_validation return types once Python 3.6 support is
+#  dropped (do not support generic ABC classes, see https://github.com/python/typing/issues/449).
 class KeyAuthorizationChallenge(_TokenChallenge, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     """Challenge based on Key Authorization.
 
@@ -158,18 +175,18 @@ class KeyAuthorizationChallenge(_TokenChallenge, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     thumbprint_hash_function = (
         KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse.thumbprint_hash_function)
 
-    def key_authorization(self, account_key):
+    def key_authorization(self, account_key: jose.JWK) -> str:
         """Generate Key Authorization.
 
         :param JWK account_key:
-        :rtype unicode:
+        :rtype str:
 
         """
         return self.encode("token") + "." + jose.b64encode(
             account_key.thumbprint(
                 hash_function=self.thumbprint_hash_function)).decode()
 
-    def response(self, account_key):
+    def response(self, account_key: jose.JWK) -> KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse:
         """Generate response to the challenge.
 
         :param JWK account_key:
@@ -182,7 +199,7 @@ class KeyAuthorizationChallenge(_TokenChallenge, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
             key_authorization=self.key_authorization(account_key))
 
     @abc.abstractmethod
-    def validation(self, account_key, **kwargs):
+    def validation(self, account_key: jose.JWK, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
         """Generate validation for the challenge.
 
         Subclasses must implement this method, but they are likely to
@@ -196,7 +213,8 @@ class KeyAuthorizationChallenge(_TokenChallenge, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
         """
         raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: no cover
 
-    def response_and_validation(self, account_key, *args, **kwargs):
+    def response_and_validation(self, account_key: jose.JWK, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
+                                ) -> Tuple[KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse, Any]:
         """Generate response and validation.
 
         Convenience function that return results of `response` and
@@ -215,14 +233,14 @@ class DNS01Response(KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse):
     """ACME dns-01 challenge response."""
     typ = "dns-01"
 
-    def simple_verify(self, chall, domain, account_public_key):  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+    def simple_verify(self, chall: 'DNS01', domain: str, account_public_key: jose.JWK) -> bool:  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
         """Simple verify.
 
         This method no longer checks DNS records and is a simple wrapper
         around `KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse.verify`.
 
         :param challenges.DNS01 chall: Corresponding challenge.
-        :param unicode domain: Domain name being verified.
+        :param str domain: Domain name being verified.
         :param JWK account_public_key: Public key for the key pair
             being authorized.
 
@@ -246,23 +264,24 @@ class DNS01(KeyAuthorizationChallenge):
     LABEL = "_acme-challenge"
     """Label clients prepend to the domain name being validated."""
 
-    def validation(self, account_key, **unused_kwargs):
+    def validation(self, account_key: jose.JWK, **unused_kwargs: Any) -> str:
         """Generate validation.
 
         :param JWK account_key:
-        :rtype: unicode
+        :rtype: str
 
         """
         return jose.b64encode(hashlib.sha256(self.key_authorization(
             account_key).encode("utf-8")).digest()).decode()
 
-    def validation_domain_name(self, name):
+    def validation_domain_name(self, name: str) -> str:
         """Domain name for TXT validation record.
 
-        :param unicode name: Domain name being validated.
+        :param str name: Domain name being validated.
+        :rtype: str
 
         """
-        return "{0}.{1}".format(self.LABEL, name)
+        return f"{self.LABEL}.{name}"
 
 
 @ChallengeResponse.register
@@ -281,14 +300,16 @@ class HTTP01Response(KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse):
     WHITESPACE_CUTSET = "\n\r\t "
     """Whitespace characters which should be ignored at the end of the body."""
 
-    def simple_verify(self, chall, domain, account_public_key, port=None):
+    def simple_verify(self, chall: 'HTTP01', domain: str, account_public_key: jose.JWK,
+                      port: Optional[int] = None, timeout: int = 30) -> bool:
         """Simple verify.
 
         :param challenges.SimpleHTTP chall: Corresponding challenge.
-        :param unicode domain: Domain name being verified.
+        :param str domain: Domain name being verified.
         :param JWK account_public_key: Public key for the key pair
             being authorized.
         :param int port: Port used in the validation.
+        :param int timeout: Timeout in seconds.
 
         :returns: ``True`` iff validation with the files currently served by the
             HTTP server is successful.
@@ -310,10 +331,19 @@ class HTTP01Response(KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse):
         uri = chall.uri(domain)
         logger.debug("Verifying %s at %s...", chall.typ, uri)
         try:
-            http_response = requests.get(uri, verify=False)
+            http_response = requests.get(uri, verify=False, timeout=timeout)
         except requests.exceptions.RequestException as error:
             logger.error("Unable to reach %s: %s", uri, error)
             return False
+        # By default, http_response.text will try to guess the encoding to use
+        # when decoding the response to Python unicode strings. This guesswork
+        # is error prone. RFC 8555 specifies that HTTP-01 responses should be
+        # key authorizations with possible trailing whitespace. Since key
+        # authorizations must be composed entirely of the base64url alphabet
+        # plus ".", we tell requests that the response should be ASCII. See
+        # https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8555#section-8.3 for more
+        # info.
+        http_response.encoding = "ascii"
         logger.debug("Received %s: %s. Headers: %s", http_response,
                      http_response.text, http_response.headers)
 
@@ -337,31 +367,31 @@ class HTTP01(KeyAuthorizationChallenge):
     """URI root path for the server provisioned resource."""
 
     @property
-    def path(self):
+    def path(self) -> str:
         """Path (starting with '/') for provisioned resource.
 
-        :rtype: string
+        :rtype: str
 
         """
         return '/' + self.URI_ROOT_PATH + '/' + self.encode('token')
 
-    def uri(self, domain):
+    def uri(self, domain: str) -> str:
         """Create an URI to the provisioned resource.
 
         Forms an URI to the HTTPS server provisioned resource
         (containing :attr:`~SimpleHTTP.token`).
 
-        :param unicode domain: Domain name being verified.
-        :rtype: string
+        :param str domain: Domain name being verified.
+        :rtype: str
 
         """
         return "http://" + domain + self.path
 
-    def validation(self, account_key, **unused_kwargs):
+    def validation(self, account_key: jose.JWK, **unused_kwargs: Any) -> str:
         """Generate validation.
 
         :param JWK account_key:
-        :rtype: unicode
+        :rtype: str
 
         """
         return self.key_authorization(account_key)
@@ -381,17 +411,18 @@ class TLSALPN01Response(KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse):
     """
 
     ID_PE_ACME_IDENTIFIER_V1 = b"1.3.6.1.5.5.7.1.30.1"
-    ACME_TLS_1_PROTOCOL = "acme-tls/1"
+    ACME_TLS_1_PROTOCOL = b"acme-tls/1"
 
     @property
-    def h(self):
+    def h(self) -> bytes:
         """Hash value stored in challenge certificate"""
         return hashlib.sha256(self.key_authorization.encode('utf-8')).digest()
 
-    def gen_cert(self, domain, key=None, bits=2048):
+    def gen_cert(self, domain: str, key: Optional[crypto.PKey] = None, bits: int = 2048
+                 ) -> Tuple[crypto.X509, crypto.PKey]:
         """Generate tls-alpn-01 certificate.
 
-        :param unicode domain: Domain verified by the challenge.
+        :param str domain: Domain verified by the challenge.
         :param OpenSSL.crypto.PKey key: Optional private key used in
             certificate generation. If not provided (``None``), then
             fresh key will be generated.
@@ -404,19 +435,19 @@ class TLSALPN01Response(KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse):
             key = crypto.PKey()
             key.generate_key(crypto.TYPE_RSA, bits)
 
-
         der_value = b"DER:" + codecs.encode(self.h, 'hex')
         acme_extension = crypto.X509Extension(self.ID_PE_ACME_IDENTIFIER_V1,
-                critical=True, value=der_value)
+                                              critical=True, value=der_value)
 
         return crypto_util.gen_ss_cert(key, [domain], force_san=True,
-                extensions=[acme_extension]), key
+                                       extensions=[acme_extension]), key
 
-    def probe_cert(self, domain, host=None, port=None):
+    def probe_cert(self, domain: str, host: Optional[str] = None,
+                   port: Optional[int] = None) -> crypto.X509:
         """Probe tls-alpn-01 challenge certificate.
 
-        :param unicode domain: domain being validated, required.
-        :param string host: IP address used to probe the certificate.
+        :param str domain: domain being validated, required.
+        :param str host: IP address used to probe the certificate.
         :param int port: Port used to probe the certificate.
 
         """
@@ -426,13 +457,13 @@ class TLSALPN01Response(KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse):
         if port is None:
             port = self.PORT
 
-        return crypto_util.probe_sni(host=host, port=port, name=domain,
-                alpn_protocols=[self.ACME_TLS_1_PROTOCOL])
+        return crypto_util.probe_sni(host=host.encode(), port=port, name=domain.encode(),
+                                     alpn_protocols=[self.ACME_TLS_1_PROTOCOL])
 
-    def verify_cert(self, domain, cert):
+    def verify_cert(self, domain: str, cert: crypto.X509) -> bool:
         """Verify tls-alpn-01 challenge certificate.
 
-        :param unicode domain: Domain name being validated.
+        :param str domain: Domain name being validated.
         :param OpensSSL.crypto.X509 cert: Challenge certificate.
 
         :returns: Whether the certificate was successfully verified.
@@ -441,7 +472,10 @@ class TLSALPN01Response(KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse):
         """
         # pylint: disable=protected-access
         names = crypto_util._pyopenssl_cert_or_req_all_names(cert)
-        logger.debug('Certificate %s. SANs: %s', cert.digest('sha256'), names)
+        # Type ignore needed due to
+        # https://github.com/pyca/pyopenssl/issues/730.
+        logger.debug('Certificate %s. SANs: %s',
+                     cert.digest('sha256'), names)
         if len(names) != 1 or names[0].lower() != domain.lower():
             return False
 
@@ -456,8 +490,9 @@ class TLSALPN01Response(KeyAuthorizationChallengeResponse):
         return False
 
     # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments
-    def simple_verify(self, chall, domain, account_public_key,
-                      cert=None, host=None, port=None):
+    def simple_verify(self, chall: 'TLSALPN01', domain: str, account_public_key: jose.JWK,
+                      cert: Optional[crypto.X509] = None, host: Optional[str] = None,
+                      port: Optional[int] = None) -> bool:
         """Simple verify.
 
         Verify ``validation`` using ``account_public_key``, optionally
@@ -497,11 +532,11 @@ class TLSALPN01(KeyAuthorizationChallenge):
     response_cls = TLSALPN01Response
     typ = response_cls.typ
 
-    def validation(self, account_key, **kwargs):
+    def validation(self, account_key: jose.JWK, **kwargs: Any) -> Tuple[crypto.X509, crypto.PKey]:
         """Generate validation.
 
         :param JWK account_key:
-        :param unicode domain: Domain verified by the challenge.
+        :param str domain: Domain verified by the challenge.
         :param OpenSSL.crypto.PKey cert_key: Optional private key used
             in certificate generation. If not provided (``None``), then
             fresh key will be generated.
@@ -509,12 +544,13 @@ class TLSALPN01(KeyAuthorizationChallenge):
         :rtype: `tuple` of `OpenSSL.crypto.X509` and `OpenSSL.crypto.PKey`
 
         """
-        return self.response(account_key).gen_cert(
+        # TODO: Remove cast when response() is generic.
+        return cast(TLSALPN01Response, self.response(account_key)).gen_cert(
             key=kwargs.get('cert_key'),
-            domain=kwargs.get('domain'))
+            domain=cast(str, kwargs.get('domain')))
 
     @staticmethod
-    def is_supported():
+    def is_supported() -> bool:
         """
         Check if TLS-ALPN-01 challenge is supported on this machine.
         This implies that a recent version of OpenSSL is installed (>= 1.0.2),
@@ -536,7 +572,8 @@ class DNS(_TokenChallenge):
     LABEL = "_acme-challenge"
     """Label clients prepend to the domain name being validated."""
 
-    def gen_validation(self, account_key, alg=jose.RS256, **kwargs):
+    def gen_validation(self, account_key: jose.JWK, alg: jose.JWASignature = jose.RS256,
+                       **kwargs: Any) -> jose.JWS:
         """Generate validation.
 
         :param .JWK account_key: Private account key.
@@ -550,7 +587,7 @@ class DNS(_TokenChallenge):
             payload=self.json_dumps(sort_keys=True).encode('utf-8'),
             key=account_key, alg=alg, **kwargs)
 
-    def check_validation(self, validation, account_public_key):
+    def check_validation(self, validation: jose.JWS, account_public_key: jose.JWK) -> bool:
         """Check validation.
 
         :param JWS validation:
@@ -567,7 +604,7 @@ class DNS(_TokenChallenge):
             logger.debug("Checking validation for DNS failed: %s", error)
             return False
 
-    def gen_response(self, account_key, **kwargs):
+    def gen_response(self, account_key: jose.JWK, **kwargs: Any) -> 'DNSResponse':
         """Generate response.
 
         :param .JWK account_key: Private account key.
@@ -576,13 +613,12 @@ class DNS(_TokenChallenge):
         :rtype: DNSResponse
 
         """
-        return DNSResponse(validation=self.gen_validation(
-            account_key, **kwargs))
+        return DNSResponse(validation=self.gen_validation(account_key, **kwargs))
 
-    def validation_domain_name(self, name):
+    def validation_domain_name(self, name: str) -> str:
         """Domain name for TXT validation record.
 
-        :param unicode name: Domain name being validated.
+        :param str name: Domain name being validated.
 
         """
         return "{0}.{1}".format(self.LABEL, name)
@@ -597,9 +633,9 @@ class DNSResponse(ChallengeResponse):
     """
     typ = "dns"
 
-    validation = jose.Field("validation", decoder=jose.JWS.from_json)
+    validation: jose.JWS = jose.field("validation", decoder=jose.JWS.from_json)
 
-    def check_validation(self, chall, account_public_key):
+    def check_validation(self, chall: 'DNS', account_public_key: jose.JWK) -> bool:
         """Check validation.
 
         :param challenges.DNS chall:

acme/acme/crypto_util.py

@@ -1,17 +1,24 @@
 """Crypto utilities."""
 import binascii
 import contextlib
+import ipaddress
 import logging
 import os
 import re
 import socket
+from typing import Any
 from typing import Callable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
 from typing import Tuple
 from typing import Union
 
 import josepy as jose
 from OpenSSL import crypto
-from OpenSSL import SSL  # type: ignore # https://github.com/python/typeshed/issues/2052
+from OpenSSL import SSL
 
 from acme import errors
 
@@ -24,16 +31,18 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 # https://www.openssl.org/docs/ssl/SSLv23_method.html). _serve_sni
 # should be changed to use "set_options" to disable SSLv2 and SSLv3,
 # in case it's used for things other than probing/serving!
-_DEFAULT_SSL_METHOD = SSL.SSLv23_METHOD  # type: ignore
+_DEFAULT_SSL_METHOD = SSL.SSLv23_METHOD
 
 
 class _DefaultCertSelection:
-    def __init__(self, certs):
+    def __init__(self, certs: Mapping[bytes, Tuple[crypto.PKey, crypto.X509]]):
         self.certs = certs
 
-    def __call__(self, connection):
+    def __call__(self, connection: SSL.Connection) -> Optional[Tuple[crypto.PKey, crypto.X509]]:
         server_name = connection.get_servername()
-        return self.certs.get(server_name, None)
+        if server_name:
+            return self.certs.get(server_name, None)
+        return None # pragma: no cover
 
 
 class SSLSocket:  # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
@@ -49,9 +58,14 @@ class SSLSocket:  # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
         `certs` parameter would be ignored, and therefore must be empty.
 
     """
-    def __init__(self, sock, certs=None,
-            method=_DEFAULT_SSL_METHOD, alpn_selection=None,
-            cert_selection=None):
+    def __init__(self, sock: socket.socket,
+                 certs: Optional[Mapping[bytes, Tuple[crypto.PKey, crypto.X509]]] = None,
+                 method: int = _DEFAULT_SSL_METHOD,
+                 alpn_selection: Optional[Callable[[SSL.Connection, List[bytes]], bytes]] = None,
+                 cert_selection: Optional[Callable[[SSL.Connection],
+                                                   Optional[Tuple[crypto.PKey,
+                                                                  crypto.X509]]]] = None
+                 ) -> None:
         self.sock = sock
         self.alpn_selection = alpn_selection
         self.method = method
@@ -59,14 +73,18 @@ class SSLSocket:  # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
             raise ValueError("Neither cert_selection or certs specified.")
         if cert_selection and certs:
             raise ValueError("Both cert_selection and certs specified.")
-        if cert_selection is None:
-            cert_selection = _DefaultCertSelection(certs)
-        self.cert_selection = cert_selection
+        actual_cert_selection: Union[_DefaultCertSelection,
+                                     Optional[Callable[[SSL.Connection],
+                                                       Optional[Tuple[crypto.PKey,
+                                                                crypto.X509]]]]] = cert_selection
+        if actual_cert_selection is None:
+            actual_cert_selection = _DefaultCertSelection(certs if certs else {})
+        self.cert_selection = actual_cert_selection
 
-    def __getattr__(self, name):
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
         return getattr(self.sock, name)
 
-    def _pick_certificate_cb(self, connection):
+    def _pick_certificate_cb(self, connection: SSL.Connection) -> None:
         """SNI certificate callback.
 
         This method will set a new OpenSSL context object for this
@@ -98,43 +116,58 @@ class SSLSocket:  # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
 
         # pylint: disable=missing-function-docstring
 
-        def __init__(self, connection):
+        def __init__(self, connection: SSL.Connection) -> None:
             self._wrapped = connection
 
-        def __getattr__(self, name):
+        def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
             return getattr(self._wrapped, name)
 
-        def shutdown(self, *unused_args):
+        def shutdown(self, *unused_args: Any) -> bool:
             # OpenSSL.SSL.Connection.shutdown doesn't accept any args
-            return self._wrapped.shutdown()
+            try:
+                return self._wrapped.shutdown()
+            except SSL.Error as error:
+                # We wrap the error so we raise the same error type as sockets
+                # in the standard library. This is useful when this object is
+                # used by code which expects a standard socket such as
+                # socketserver in the standard library.
+                raise socket.error(error)
 
-    def accept(self):  # pylint: disable=missing-function-docstring
+    def accept(self) -> Tuple[FakeConnection, Any]:  # pylint: disable=missing-function-docstring
         sock, addr = self.sock.accept()
 
-        context = SSL.Context(self.method)
-        context.set_options(SSL.OP_NO_SSLv2)
-        context.set_options(SSL.OP_NO_SSLv3)
-        context.set_tlsext_servername_callback(self._pick_certificate_cb)
-        if self.alpn_selection is not None:
-            context.set_alpn_select_callback(self.alpn_selection)
-
-        ssl_sock = self.FakeConnection(SSL.Connection(context, sock))
-        ssl_sock.set_accept_state()
-
-        logger.debug("Performing handshake with %s", addr)
         try:
-            ssl_sock.do_handshake()
-        except SSL.Error as error:
-            # _pick_certificate_cb might have returned without
-            # creating SSL context (wrong server name)
-            raise socket.error(error)
+            context = SSL.Context(self.method)
+            context.set_options(SSL.OP_NO_SSLv2)
+            context.set_options(SSL.OP_NO_SSLv3)
+            context.set_tlsext_servername_callback(self._pick_certificate_cb)
+            if self.alpn_selection is not None:
+                context.set_alpn_select_callback(self.alpn_selection)
 
-        return ssl_sock, addr
+            ssl_sock = self.FakeConnection(SSL.Connection(context, sock))
+            ssl_sock.set_accept_state()
+
+            # This log line is especially desirable because without it requests to
+            # our standalone TLSALPN server would not be logged.
+            logger.debug("Performing handshake with %s", addr)
+            try:
+                ssl_sock.do_handshake()
+            except SSL.Error as error:
+                # _pick_certificate_cb might have returned without
+                # creating SSL context (wrong server name)
+                raise socket.error(error)
+
+            return ssl_sock, addr
+        except:
+            # If we encounter any error, close the new socket before reraising
+            # the exception.
+            sock.close()
+            raise
 
 
-def probe_sni(name, host, port=443, timeout=300, # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments
-              method=_DEFAULT_SSL_METHOD, source_address=('', 0),
-              alpn_protocols=None):
+def probe_sni(name: bytes, host: bytes, port: int = 443, timeout: int = 300,  # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments
+              method: int = _DEFAULT_SSL_METHOD, source_address: Tuple[str, int] = ('', 0),
+              alpn_protocols: Optional[Sequence[bytes]] = None) -> crypto.X509:
     """Probe SNI server for SSL certificate.
 
     :param bytes name: Byte string to send as the server name in the
@@ -147,7 +180,7 @@ def probe_sni(name, host, port=443, timeout=300, # pylint: disable=too-many-argu
         of source interface). See `socket.creation_connection` for more
         info. Available only in Python 2.7+.
     :param alpn_protocols: Protocols to request using ALPN.
-    :type alpn_protocols: `list` of `bytes`
+    :type alpn_protocols: `Sequence` of `bytes`
 
     :raises acme.errors.Error: In case of any problems.
 
@@ -168,8 +201,8 @@ def probe_sni(name, host, port=443, timeout=300, # pylint: disable=too-many-argu
                 source_address[1]
             ) if any(source_address) else ""
         )
-        socket_tuple: Tuple[str, int] = (host, port)
-        sock = socket.create_connection(socket_tuple, **socket_kwargs)  # type: ignore
+        socket_tuple: Tuple[bytes, int] = (host, port)
+        sock = socket.create_connection(socket_tuple, **socket_kwargs)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
     except socket.error as error:
         raise errors.Error(error)
 
@@ -184,26 +217,50 @@ def probe_sni(name, host, port=443, timeout=300, # pylint: disable=too-many-argu
             client_ssl.shutdown()
         except SSL.Error as error:
             raise errors.Error(error)
-    return client_ssl.get_peer_certificate()
+    cert = client_ssl.get_peer_certificate()
+    assert cert # Appease mypy. We would have crashed out by now if there was no certificate.
+    return cert
 
 
-def make_csr(private_key_pem, domains, must_staple=False):
-    """Generate a CSR containing a list of domains as subjectAltNames.
+def make_csr(private_key_pem: bytes, domains: Optional[Union[Set[str], List[str]]] = None,
+             must_staple: bool = False,
+             ipaddrs: Optional[List[Union[ipaddress.IPv4Address, ipaddress.IPv6Address]]] = None
+             ) -> bytes:
+    """Generate a CSR containing domains or IPs as subjectAltNames.
 
     :param buffer private_key_pem: Private key, in PEM PKCS#8 format.
     :param list domains: List of DNS names to include in subjectAltNames of CSR.
     :param bool must_staple: Whether to include the TLS Feature extension (aka
         OCSP Must Staple: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7633).
+    :param list ipaddrs: List of IPaddress(type ipaddress.IPv4Address or ipaddress.IPv6Address)
+    names to include in subbjectAltNames of CSR.
+    params ordered this way for backward competablity when called by positional argument.
     :returns: buffer PEM-encoded Certificate Signing Request.
     """
     private_key = crypto.load_privatekey(
         crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, private_key_pem)
     csr = crypto.X509Req()
+    sanlist = []
+    # if domain or ip list not supplied make it empty list so it's easier to iterate
+    if domains is None:
+        domains = []
+    if ipaddrs is None:
+        ipaddrs = []
+    if len(domains)+len(ipaddrs) == 0:
+        raise ValueError("At least one of domains or ipaddrs parameter need to be not empty")
+    for address in domains:
+        sanlist.append('DNS:' + address)
+    for ips in ipaddrs:
+        sanlist.append('IP:' + ips.exploded)
+    # make sure its ascii encoded
+    san_string = ', '.join(sanlist).encode('ascii')
+    # for IP san it's actually need to be octet-string,
+    # but somewhere downsteam thankfully handle it for us
     extensions = [
         crypto.X509Extension(
             b'subjectAltName',
             critical=False,
-            value=', '.join('DNS:' + d for d in domains).encode('ascii')
+            value=san_string
         ),
     ]
     if must_staple:
@@ -213,13 +270,16 @@ def make_csr(private_key_pem, domains, must_staple=False):
             value=b"DER:30:03:02:01:05"))
     csr.add_extensions(extensions)
     csr.set_pubkey(private_key)
-    csr.set_version(2)
+    # RFC 2986 Section 4.1 only defines version 0
+    csr.set_version(0)
     csr.sign(private_key, 'sha256')
     return crypto.dump_certificate_request(
         crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, csr)
 
 
-def _pyopenssl_cert_or_req_all_names(loaded_cert_or_req):
+def _pyopenssl_cert_or_req_all_names(loaded_cert_or_req: Union[crypto.X509, crypto.X509Req]
+                                     ) -> List[str]:
+    # unlike its name this only outputs DNS names, other type of idents will ignored
     common_name = loaded_cert_or_req.get_subject().CN
     sans = _pyopenssl_cert_or_req_san(loaded_cert_or_req)
 
@@ -228,7 +288,7 @@ def _pyopenssl_cert_or_req_all_names(loaded_cert_or_req):
     return [common_name] + [d for d in sans if d != common_name]
 
 
-def _pyopenssl_cert_or_req_san(cert_or_req):
+def _pyopenssl_cert_or_req_san(cert_or_req: Union[crypto.X509, crypto.X509Req]) -> List[str]:
     """Get Subject Alternative Names from certificate or CSR using pyOpenSSL.
 
     .. todo:: Implement directly in PyOpenSSL!
@@ -239,47 +299,87 @@ def _pyopenssl_cert_or_req_san(cert_or_req):
     :param cert_or_req: Certificate or CSR.
     :type cert_or_req: `OpenSSL.crypto.X509` or `OpenSSL.crypto.X509Req`.
 
-    :returns: A list of Subject Alternative Names.
-    :rtype: `list` of `unicode`
+    :returns: A list of Subject Alternative Names that is DNS.
+    :rtype: `list` of `str`
 
     """
-    # This function finds SANs by dumping the certificate/CSR to text and
-    # searching for "X509v3 Subject Alternative Name" in the text. This method
-    # is used to support PyOpenSSL version 0.13 where the
-    # `_subjectAltNameString` and `get_extensions` methods are not available
-    # for CSRs.
+    # This function finds SANs with dns name
 
     # constants based on PyOpenSSL certificate/CSR text dump
     part_separator = ":"
-    parts_separator = ", "
     prefix = "DNS" + part_separator
 
-    if isinstance(cert_or_req, crypto.X509):
-        # pylint: disable=line-too-long
-        func: Union[Callable[[int, crypto.X509Req], bytes], Callable[[int, crypto.X509], bytes]] = crypto.dump_certificate
-    else:
-        func = crypto.dump_certificate_request
-    text = func(crypto.FILETYPE_TEXT, cert_or_req).decode("utf-8")
-    # WARNING: this function does not support multiple SANs extensions.
-    # Multiple X509v3 extensions of the same type is disallowed by RFC 5280.
-    match = re.search(r"X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:(?: critical)?\s*(.*)", text)
-    # WARNING: this function assumes that no SAN can include
-    # parts_separator, hence the split!
-    sans_parts = [] if match is None else match.group(1).split(parts_separator)
+    sans_parts = _pyopenssl_extract_san_list_raw(cert_or_req)
 
     return [part.split(part_separator)[1]
             for part in sans_parts if part.startswith(prefix)]
 
 
-def gen_ss_cert(key, domains, not_before=None,
-                validity=(7 * 24 * 60 * 60), force_san=True, extensions=None):
+def _pyopenssl_cert_or_req_san_ip(cert_or_req: Union[crypto.X509, crypto.X509Req]) -> List[str]:
+    """Get Subject Alternative Names IPs from certificate or CSR using pyOpenSSL.
+
+    :param cert_or_req: Certificate or CSR.
+    :type cert_or_req: `OpenSSL.crypto.X509` or `OpenSSL.crypto.X509Req`.
+
+    :returns: A list of Subject Alternative Names that are IP Addresses.
+    :rtype: `list` of `str`. note that this returns as string, not IPaddress object
+
+    """
+
+    # constants based on PyOpenSSL certificate/CSR text dump
+    part_separator = ":"
+    prefix = "IP Address" + part_separator
+
+    sans_parts = _pyopenssl_extract_san_list_raw(cert_or_req)
+
+    return [part[len(prefix):] for part in sans_parts if part.startswith(prefix)]
+
+
+def _pyopenssl_extract_san_list_raw(cert_or_req: Union[crypto.X509, crypto.X509Req]) -> List[str]:
+    """Get raw SAN string from cert or csr, parse it as UTF-8 and return.
+
+    :param cert_or_req: Certificate or CSR.
+    :type cert_or_req: `OpenSSL.crypto.X509` or `OpenSSL.crypto.X509Req`.
+
+    :returns: raw san strings, parsed byte as utf-8
+    :rtype: `list` of `str`
+
+    """
+    # This function finds SANs by dumping the certificate/CSR to text and
+    # searching for "X509v3 Subject Alternative Name" in the text. This method
+    # is used to because in PyOpenSSL version <0.17 `_subjectAltNameString` methods are
+    # not able to Parse IP Addresses in subjectAltName string.
+
+    if isinstance(cert_or_req, crypto.X509):
+        # pylint: disable=line-too-long
+        text = crypto.dump_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_TEXT, cert_or_req).decode('utf-8')
+    else:
+        text = crypto.dump_certificate_request(crypto.FILETYPE_TEXT, cert_or_req).decode('utf-8')
+    # WARNING: this function does not support multiple SANs extensions.
+    # Multiple X509v3 extensions of the same type is disallowed by RFC 5280.
+    raw_san = re.search(r"X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:(?: critical)?\s*(.*)", text)
+
+    parts_separator = ", "
+    # WARNING: this function assumes that no SAN can include
+    # parts_separator, hence the split!
+    sans_parts = [] if raw_san is None else raw_san.group(1).split(parts_separator)
+    return sans_parts
+
+
+def gen_ss_cert(key: crypto.PKey, domains: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+                not_before: Optional[int] = None,
+                validity: int = (7 * 24 * 60 * 60), force_san: bool = True,
+                extensions: Optional[List[crypto.X509Extension]] = None,
+                ips: Optional[List[Union[ipaddress.IPv4Address, ipaddress.IPv6Address]]] = None
+                ) -> crypto.X509:
     """Generate new self-signed certificate.
 
-    :type domains: `list` of `unicode`
+    :type domains: `list` of `str`
     :param OpenSSL.crypto.PKey key:
     :param bool force_san:
     :param extensions: List of additional extensions to include in the cert.
     :type extensions: `list` of `OpenSSL.crypto.X509Extension`
+    :type ips: `list` of (`ipaddress.IPv4Address` or `ipaddress.IPv6Address`)
 
     If more than one domain is provided, all of the domains are put into
     ``subjectAltName`` X.509 extension and first domain is set as the
@@ -287,28 +387,39 @@ def gen_ss_cert(key, domains, not_before=None,
     extension is used, unless `force_san` is ``True``.
 
     """
-    assert domains, "Must provide one or more hostnames for the cert."
+    assert domains or ips, "Must provide one or more hostnames or IPs for the cert."
+
     cert = crypto.X509()
     cert.set_serial_number(int(binascii.hexlify(os.urandom(16)), 16))
     cert.set_version(2)
 
     if extensions is None:
         extensions = []
-
+    if domains is None:
+        domains = []
+    if ips is None:
+        ips = []
     extensions.append(
         crypto.X509Extension(
             b"basicConstraints", True, b"CA:TRUE, pathlen:0"),
     )
 
-    cert.get_subject().CN = domains[0]
+    if len(domains) > 0:
+        cert.get_subject().CN = domains[0]
     # TODO: what to put into cert.get_subject()?
     cert.set_issuer(cert.get_subject())
 
-    if force_san or len(domains) > 1:
+    sanlist = []
+    for address in domains:
+        sanlist.append('DNS:' + address)
+    for ip in ips:
+        sanlist.append('IP:' + ip.exploded)
+    san_string = ', '.join(sanlist).encode('ascii')
+    if force_san or len(domains) > 1 or len(ips) > 0:
         extensions.append(crypto.X509Extension(
             b"subjectAltName",
             critical=False,
-            value=b", ".join(b"DNS:" + d.encode() for d in domains)
+            value=san_string
         ))
 
     cert.add_extensions(extensions)
@@ -321,7 +432,8 @@ def gen_ss_cert(key, domains, not_before=None,
     return cert
 
 
-def dump_pyopenssl_chain(chain, filetype=crypto.FILETYPE_PEM):
+def dump_pyopenssl_chain(chain: Union[List[jose.ComparableX509], List[crypto.X509]],
+                         filetype: int = crypto.FILETYPE_PEM) -> bytes:
     """Dump certificate chain into a bundle.
 
     :param list chain: List of `OpenSSL.crypto.X509` (or wrapped in
@@ -334,8 +446,10 @@ def dump_pyopenssl_chain(chain, filetype=crypto.FILETYPE_PEM):
     # XXX: returns empty string when no chain is available, which
     # shuts up RenewableCert, but might not be the best solution...
 
-    def _dump_cert(cert):
+    def _dump_cert(cert: Union[jose.ComparableX509, crypto.X509]) -> bytes:
         if isinstance(cert, jose.ComparableX509):
+            if isinstance(cert.wrapped, crypto.X509Req):
+                raise errors.Error("Unexpected CSR provided.")  # pragma: no cover
             cert = cert.wrapped
         return crypto.dump_certificate(filetype, cert)
 

acme/acme/errors.py

@@ -1,5 +1,17 @@
 """ACME errors."""
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Set
+
 from josepy import errors as jose_errors
+import requests
+
+# We import acme.messages only during type check to avoid circular dependencies. Type references
+# to acme.message.* must be quoted to be lazily initialized and avoid compilation errors.
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from acme import messages  # pragma: no cover
 
 
 class Error(Exception):
@@ -28,12 +40,12 @@ class NonceError(ClientError):
 
 class BadNonce(NonceError):
     """Bad nonce error."""
-    def __init__(self, nonce, error, *args):
-        super(BadNonce, self).__init__(*args)
+    def __init__(self, nonce: str, error: Exception, *args: Any) -> None:
+        super().__init__(*args)
         self.nonce = nonce
         self.error = error
 
-    def __str__(self):
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
         return 'Invalid nonce ({0!r}): {1}'.format(self.nonce, self.error)
 
 
@@ -47,11 +59,11 @@ class MissingNonce(NonceError):
     :ivar requests.Response ~.response: HTTP Response
 
     """
-    def __init__(self, response, *args):
-        super(MissingNonce, self).__init__(*args)
+    def __init__(self, response: requests.Response, *args: Any) -> None:
+        super().__init__(*args)
         self.response = response
 
-    def __str__(self):
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
         return ('Server {0} response did not include a replay '
                 'nonce, headers: {1} (This may be a service outage)'.format(
                     self.response.request.method, self.response.headers))
@@ -69,17 +81,20 @@ class PollError(ClientError):
         to the most recently updated one
 
     """
-    def __init__(self, exhausted, updated):
+    def __init__(self, exhausted: Set['messages.AuthorizationResource'],
+                 updated: Mapping['messages.AuthorizationResource',
+                                  'messages.AuthorizationResource']
+                 ) -> None:
         self.exhausted = exhausted
         self.updated = updated
-        super(PollError, self).__init__()
+        super().__init__()
 
     @property
-    def timeout(self):
+    def timeout(self) -> bool:
         """Was the error caused by timeout?"""
         return bool(self.exhausted)
 
-    def __repr__(self):
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return '{0}(exhausted={1!r}, updated={2!r})'.format(
             self.__class__.__name__, self.exhausted, self.updated)
 
@@ -88,9 +103,9 @@ class ValidationError(Error):
     """Error for authorization failures. Contains a list of authorization
     resources, each of which is invalid and should have an error field.
     """
-    def __init__(self, failed_authzrs):
+    def __init__(self, failed_authzrs: List['messages.AuthorizationResource']) -> None:
         self.failed_authzrs = failed_authzrs
-        super(ValidationError, self).__init__()
+        super().__init__()
 
 
 class TimeoutError(Error):  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
@@ -100,13 +115,13 @@ class TimeoutError(Error):  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
 class IssuanceError(Error):
     """Error sent by the server after requesting issuance of a certificate."""
 
-    def __init__(self, error):
+    def __init__(self, error: 'messages.Error') -> None:
         """Initialize.
 
         :param messages.Error error: The error provided by the server.
         """
         self.error = error
-        super(IssuanceError, self).__init__()
+        super().__init__()
 
 
 class ConflictError(ClientError):
@@ -117,9 +132,9 @@ class ConflictError(ClientError):
 
     Also used in V2 of the ACME client for the same purpose.
     """
-    def __init__(self, location):
+    def __init__(self, location: str) -> None:
         self.location = location
-        super(ConflictError, self).__init__()
+        super().__init__()
 
 
 class WildcardUnsupportedError(Error):

acme/acme/fields.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 """ACME JSON fields."""
+import datetime
 import logging
+from typing import Any
 
 import josepy as jose
 import pyrfc3339
@@ -10,17 +12,17 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 class Fixed(jose.Field):
     """Fixed field."""
 
-    def __init__(self, json_name, value):
+    def __init__(self, json_name: str, value: Any) -> None:
         self.value = value
-        super(Fixed, self).__init__(
+        super().__init__(
             json_name=json_name, default=value, omitempty=False)
 
-    def decode(self, value):
+    def decode(self, value: Any) -> Any:
         if value != self.value:
             raise jose.DeserializationError('Expected {0!r}'.format(self.value))
         return self.value
 
-    def encode(self, value):
+    def encode(self, value: Any) -> Any:
         if value != self.value:
             logger.warning(
                 'Overriding fixed field (%s) with %r', self.json_name, value)
@@ -32,33 +34,27 @@ class RFC3339Field(jose.Field):
 
     Handles decoding/encoding between RFC3339 strings and aware (not
     naive) `datetime.datetime` objects
-    (e.g. ``datetime.datetime.now(pytz.utc)``).
+    (e.g. ``datetime.datetime.now(pytz.UTC)``).
 
     """
 
     @classmethod
-    def default_encoder(cls, value):
+    def default_encoder(cls, value: datetime.datetime) -> str:
         return pyrfc3339.generate(value)
 
     @classmethod
-    def default_decoder(cls, value):
+    def default_decoder(cls, value: str) -> datetime.datetime:
         try:
             return pyrfc3339.parse(value)
         except ValueError as error:
             raise jose.DeserializationError(error)
 
 
-class Resource(jose.Field):
-    """Resource MITM field."""
+def fixed(json_name: str, value: Any) -> Any:
+    """Generates a type-friendly Fixed field."""
+    return Fixed(json_name, value)
 
-    def __init__(self, resource_type, *args, **kwargs):
-        self.resource_type = resource_type
-        super(Resource, self).__init__(
-            'resource', default=resource_type, *args, **kwargs)
 
-    def decode(self, value):
-        if value != self.resource_type:
-            raise jose.DeserializationError(
-                'Wrong resource type: {0} instead of {1}'.format(
-                    value, self.resource_type))
-        return value
+def rfc3339(json_name: str, omitempty: bool = False) -> Any:
+    """Generates a type-friendly RFC3339 field."""
+    return RFC3339Field(json_name, omitempty=omitempty)

acme/acme/jws.py

@@ -4,20 +4,22 @@ The JWS implementation in josepy only implements the base JOSE standard. In
 order to support the new header fields defined in ACME, this module defines some
 ACME-specific classes that layer on top of josepy.
 """
+from typing import Optional
+
 import josepy as jose
 
 
 class Header(jose.Header):
     """ACME-specific JOSE Header. Implements nonce, kid, and url.
     """
-    nonce = jose.Field('nonce', omitempty=True, encoder=jose.encode_b64jose)
-    kid = jose.Field('kid', omitempty=True)
-    url = jose.Field('url', omitempty=True)
+    nonce: Optional[bytes] = jose.field('nonce', omitempty=True, encoder=jose.encode_b64jose)
+    kid: Optional[str] = jose.field('kid', omitempty=True)
+    url: Optional[str] = jose.field('url', omitempty=True)
 
     # Mypy does not understand the josepy magic happening here, and falsely claims
     # that nonce is redefined. Let's ignore the type check here.
-    @nonce.decoder  # type: ignore
-    def nonce(value):  # pylint: disable=no-self-argument,missing-function-docstring
+    @nonce.decoder  # type: ignore[no-redef,union-attr]
+    def nonce(value: str) -> bytes:  # type: ignore[misc]  # pylint: disable=no-self-argument,missing-function-docstring
         try:
             return jose.decode_b64jose(value)
         except jose.DeserializationError as error:
@@ -27,12 +29,12 @@ class Header(jose.Header):
 
 class Signature(jose.Signature):
     """ACME-specific Signature. Uses ACME-specific Header for customer fields."""
-    __slots__ = jose.Signature._orig_slots  # pylint: disable=no-member
+    __slots__ = jose.Signature._orig_slots  # pylint: disable=protected-access,no-member
 
     # TODO: decoder/encoder should accept cls? Otherwise, subclassing
     # JSONObjectWithFields is tricky...
     header_cls = Header
-    header = jose.Field(
+    header: Header = jose.field(
         'header', omitempty=True, default=header_cls(),
         decoder=header_cls.from_json)
 
@@ -42,15 +44,16 @@ class Signature(jose.Signature):
 class JWS(jose.JWS):
     """ACME-specific JWS. Includes none, url, and kid in protected header."""
     signature_cls = Signature
-    __slots__ = jose.JWS._orig_slots
+    __slots__ = jose.JWS._orig_slots  # pylint: disable=protected-access
 
     @classmethod
-    # pylint: disable=arguments-differ
-    def sign(cls, payload, key, alg, nonce, url=None, kid=None):
+    # type: ignore[override]  # pylint: disable=arguments-differ
+    def sign(cls, payload: bytes, key: jose.JWK, alg: jose.JWASignature, nonce: Optional[bytes],
+             url: Optional[str] = None, kid: Optional[str] = None) -> jose.JWS:
         # Per ACME spec, jwk and kid are mutually exclusive, so only include a
         # jwk field if kid is not provided.
         include_jwk = kid is None
-        return super(JWS, cls).sign(payload, key=key, alg=alg,
-                                    protect=frozenset(['nonce', 'url', 'kid', 'jwk', 'alg']),
-                                    nonce=nonce, url=url, kid=kid,
-                                    include_jwk=include_jwk)
+        return super().sign(payload, key=key, alg=alg,
+                            protect=frozenset(['nonce', 'url', 'kid', 'jwk', 'alg']),
+                            nonce=nonce, url=url, kid=kid,
+                            include_jwk=include_jwk)

acme/acme/magic_typing.py

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-"""Simple shim around the typing module.
-
-This was useful when this code supported Python 2 and typing wasn't always
-available. This code is being kept for now for backwards compatibility.
-
-"""
-import warnings
-from typing import *  # pylint: disable=wildcard-import, unused-wildcard-import
-from typing import Collection, IO  # type: ignore
-
-warnings.warn("acme.magic_typing is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.",
-              DeprecationWarning)
-
-class TypingClass:
-    """Ignore import errors by getting anything"""
-    def __getattr__(self, name):
-        return None  # pragma: no cover

acme/acme/messages.py

@@ -1,9 +1,17 @@
 """ACME protocol messages."""
 from collections.abc import Hashable
+import datetime
 import json
 from typing import Any
 from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
 from typing import Type
+from typing import TypeVar
 
 import josepy as jose
 
@@ -12,9 +20,7 @@ from acme import errors
 from acme import fields
 from acme import jws
 from acme import util
-from acme.mixins import ResourceMixin
 
-OLD_ERROR_PREFIX = "urn:acme:error:"
 ERROR_PREFIX = "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:"
 
 ERROR_CODES = {
@@ -50,39 +56,101 @@ ERROR_CODES = {
     'externalAccountRequired': 'The server requires external account binding',
 }
 
-ERROR_TYPE_DESCRIPTIONS = dict(
-    (ERROR_PREFIX + name, desc) for name, desc in ERROR_CODES.items())
-
-ERROR_TYPE_DESCRIPTIONS.update(dict(  # add errors with old prefix, deprecate me
-    (OLD_ERROR_PREFIX + name, desc) for name, desc in ERROR_CODES.items()))
+ERROR_TYPE_DESCRIPTIONS = {**{
+    ERROR_PREFIX + name: desc for name, desc in ERROR_CODES.items()
+}}
 
 
-def is_acme_error(err):
+def is_acme_error(err: BaseException) -> bool:
     """Check if argument is an ACME error."""
     if isinstance(err, Error) and (err.typ is not None):
-        return (ERROR_PREFIX in err.typ) or (OLD_ERROR_PREFIX in err.typ)
+        return ERROR_PREFIX in err.typ
     return False
 
 
+class _Constant(jose.JSONDeSerializable, Hashable):
+    """ACME constant."""
+    __slots__ = ('name',)
+    POSSIBLE_NAMES: Dict[str, '_Constant'] = NotImplemented
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.POSSIBLE_NAMES[name] = self  # pylint: disable=unsupported-assignment-operation
+        self.name = name
+
+    def to_partial_json(self) -> str:
+        return self.name
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_json(cls, jobj: str) -> '_Constant':
+        if jobj not in cls.POSSIBLE_NAMES:  # pylint: disable=unsupported-membership-test
+            raise jose.DeserializationError(f'{cls.__name__} not recognized')
+        return cls.POSSIBLE_NAMES[jobj]
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({self.name})'
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, type(self)) and other.name == self.name
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash((self.__class__, self.name))
+
+
+class IdentifierType(_Constant):
+    """ACME identifier type."""
+    POSSIBLE_NAMES: Dict[str, _Constant] = {}
+
+
+IDENTIFIER_FQDN = IdentifierType('dns')  # IdentifierDNS in Boulder
+IDENTIFIER_IP = IdentifierType('ip') # IdentifierIP in pebble - not in Boulder yet
+
+
+class Identifier(jose.JSONObjectWithFields):
+    """ACME identifier.
+
+    :ivar IdentifierType typ:
+    :ivar str value:
+
+    """
+    typ: IdentifierType = jose.field('type', decoder=IdentifierType.from_json)
+    value: str = jose.field('value')
+
+
 class Error(jose.JSONObjectWithFields, errors.Error):
     """ACME error.
 
-    https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-http-problem-00
+    https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7807
 
-    :ivar unicode typ:
-    :ivar unicode title:
-    :ivar unicode detail:
+    Note: Although Error inherits from JSONObjectWithFields, which is immutable,
+    we add mutability for Error to comply with the Python exception API.
+
+    :ivar str typ:
+    :ivar str title:
+    :ivar str detail:
+    :ivar Identifier identifier:
+    :ivar tuple subproblems: An array of ACME Errors which may be present when the CA
+            returns multiple errors related to the same request, `tuple` of `Error`.
 
     """
-    typ = jose.Field('type', omitempty=True, default='about:blank')
-    title = jose.Field('title', omitempty=True)
-    detail = jose.Field('detail', omitempty=True)
+    typ: str = jose.field('type', omitempty=True, default='about:blank')
+    title: str = jose.field('title', omitempty=True)
+    detail: str = jose.field('detail', omitempty=True)
+    identifier: Optional['Identifier'] = jose.field(
+        'identifier', decoder=Identifier.from_json, omitempty=True)
+    subproblems: Optional[Tuple['Error', ...]] = jose.field('subproblems', omitempty=True)
+
+    # Mypy does not understand the josepy magic happening here, and falsely claims
+    # that subproblems is redefined. Let's ignore the type check here.
+    @subproblems.decoder  # type: ignore
+    def subproblems(value: List[Dict[str, Any]]) -> Tuple['Error', ...]:  # pylint: disable=no-self-argument,missing-function-docstring
+        return tuple(Error.from_json(subproblem) for subproblem in value)
 
     @classmethod
-    def with_code(cls, code, **kwargs):
+    def with_code(cls, code: str, **kwargs: Any) -> 'Error':
         """Create an Error instance with an ACME Error code.
 
-        :unicode code: An ACME error code, like 'dnssec'.
+        :str code: An ACME error code, like 'dnssec'.
         :kwargs: kwargs to pass to Error.
 
         """
@@ -92,73 +160,55 @@ class Error(jose.JSONObjectWithFields, errors.Error):
         typ = ERROR_PREFIX + code
         # Mypy will not understand that the Error constructor accepts a named argument
         # "typ" because of josepy magic. Let's ignore the type check here.
-        return cls(typ=typ, **kwargs)  # type: ignore
+        return cls(typ=typ, **kwargs)
 
     @property
-    def description(self):
+    def description(self) -> Optional[str]:
         """Hardcoded error description based on its type.
 
         :returns: Description if standard ACME error or ``None``.
-        :rtype: unicode
+        :rtype: str
 
         """
         return ERROR_TYPE_DESCRIPTIONS.get(self.typ)
 
     @property
-    def code(self):
+    def code(self) -> Optional[str]:
         """ACME error code.
 
         Basically self.typ without the ERROR_PREFIX.
 
         :returns: error code if standard ACME code or ``None``.
-        :rtype: unicode
+        :rtype: str
 
         """
-        code = str(self.typ).split(':')[-1]
+        code = str(self.typ).rsplit(':', maxsplit=1)[-1]
         if code in ERROR_CODES:
             return code
         return None
 
-    def __str__(self):
-        return b' :: '.join(
+    # Hack to allow mutability on Errors (see GH #9539)
+    def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Any) -> None:
+        return object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        result = b' :: '.join(
             part.encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace') for part in
             (self.typ, self.description, self.detail, self.title)
             if part is not None).decode()
-
-
-class _Constant(jose.JSONDeSerializable, Hashable):  # type: ignore
-    """ACME constant."""
-    __slots__ = ('name',)
-    POSSIBLE_NAMES: Dict[str, '_Constant'] = NotImplemented
-
-    def __init__(self, name):
-        super(_Constant, self).__init__()
-        self.POSSIBLE_NAMES[name] = self  # pylint: disable=unsupported-assignment-operation
-        self.name = name
-
-    def to_partial_json(self):
-        return self.name
-
-    @classmethod
-    def from_json(cls, jobj):
-        if jobj not in cls.POSSIBLE_NAMES:  # pylint: disable=unsupported-membership-test
-            raise jose.DeserializationError(
-                '{0} not recognized'.format(cls.__name__))
-        return cls.POSSIBLE_NAMES[jobj]
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return '{0}({1})'.format(self.__class__.__name__, self.name)
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        return isinstance(other, type(self)) and other.name == self.name
-
-    def __hash__(self):
-        return hash((self.__class__, self.name))
+        if self.identifier:
+            result = f'Problem for {self.identifier.value}: ' + result # pylint: disable=no-member
+        if self.subproblems and len(self.subproblems) > 0:
+            for subproblem in self.subproblems:
+                result += f'\n{subproblem}'
+        return result
 
 
 class Status(_Constant):
     """ACME "status" field."""
-    POSSIBLE_NAMES: dict = {}
+    POSSIBLE_NAMES: Dict[str, _Constant] = {}
+
+
 STATUS_UNKNOWN = Status('unknown')
 STATUS_PENDING = Status('pending')
 STATUS_PROCESSING = Status('processing')
@@ -169,90 +219,57 @@ STATUS_READY = Status('ready')
 STATUS_DEACTIVATED = Status('deactivated')
 
 
-class IdentifierType(_Constant):
-    """ACME identifier type."""
-    POSSIBLE_NAMES: Dict[str, 'IdentifierType'] = {}
-IDENTIFIER_FQDN = IdentifierType('dns')  # IdentifierDNS in Boulder
-
-
-class Identifier(jose.JSONObjectWithFields):
-    """ACME identifier.
-
-    :ivar IdentifierType typ:
-    :ivar unicode value:
-
-    """
-    typ = jose.Field('type', decoder=IdentifierType.from_json)
-    value = jose.Field('value')
-
-
 class Directory(jose.JSONDeSerializable):
-    """Directory."""
+    """Directory.
 
-    _REGISTERED_TYPES: Dict[str, Type[Any]] = {}
+    Directory resources must be accessed by the exact field name in RFC8555 (section 9.7.5).
+    """
 
     class Meta(jose.JSONObjectWithFields):
         """Directory Meta."""
-        _terms_of_service = jose.Field('terms-of-service', omitempty=True)
-        _terms_of_service_v2 = jose.Field('termsOfService', omitempty=True)
-        website = jose.Field('website', omitempty=True)
-        caa_identities = jose.Field('caaIdentities', omitempty=True)
-        external_account_required = jose.Field('externalAccountRequired', omitempty=True)
+        _terms_of_service: str = jose.field('termsOfService', omitempty=True)
+        website: str = jose.field('website', omitempty=True)
+        caa_identities: List[str] = jose.field('caaIdentities', omitempty=True)
+        external_account_required: bool = jose.field('externalAccountRequired', omitempty=True)
 
-        def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
             kwargs = {self._internal_name(k): v for k, v in kwargs.items()}
-            super(Directory.Meta, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+            super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
         @property
-        def terms_of_service(self):
+        def terms_of_service(self) -> str:
             """URL for the CA TOS"""
-            return self._terms_of_service or self._terms_of_service_v2
+            return self._terms_of_service
 
-        def __iter__(self):
+        def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[str]:
             # When iterating over fields, use the external name 'terms_of_service' instead of
             # the internal '_terms_of_service'.
-            for name in super(Directory.Meta, self).__iter__():
+            for name in super().__iter__():
                 yield name[1:] if name == '_terms_of_service' else name
 
-        def _internal_name(self, name):
+        def _internal_name(self, name: str) -> str:
             return '_' + name if name == 'terms_of_service' else name
 
+    def __init__(self, jobj: Mapping[str, Any]) -> None:
+        self._jobj = jobj
 
-    @classmethod
-    def _canon_key(cls, key):
-        return getattr(key, 'resource_type', key)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def register(cls, resource_body_cls: Type[Any]) -> Type[Any]:
-        """Register resource."""
-        resource_type = resource_body_cls.resource_type
-        assert resource_type not in cls._REGISTERED_TYPES
-        cls._REGISTERED_TYPES[resource_type] = resource_body_cls
-        return resource_body_cls
-
-    def __init__(self, jobj):
-        canon_jobj = util.map_keys(jobj, self._canon_key)
-        # TODO: check that everything is an absolute URL; acme-spec is
-        # not clear on that
-        self._jobj = canon_jobj
-
-    def __getattr__(self, name):
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
         try:
-            return self[name.replace('_', '-')]
+            return self[name]
         except KeyError as error:
             raise AttributeError(str(error))
 
-    def __getitem__(self, name):
+    def __getitem__(self, name: str) -> Any:
         try:
-            return self._jobj[self._canon_key(name)]
+            return self._jobj[name]
         except KeyError:
-            raise KeyError('Directory field "' + self._canon_key(name) + '" not found')
+            raise KeyError(f'Directory field "{name}" not found')
 
-    def to_partial_json(self):
-        return self._jobj
+    def to_partial_json(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return util.map_keys(self._jobj, lambda k: k)
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_json(cls, jobj):
+    def from_json(cls, jobj: MutableMapping[str, Any]) -> 'Directory':
         jobj['meta'] = cls.Meta.from_json(jobj.pop('meta', {}))
         return cls(jobj)
 
@@ -263,16 +280,16 @@ class Resource(jose.JSONObjectWithFields):
     :ivar acme.messages.ResourceBody body: Resource body.
 
     """
-    body = jose.Field('body')
+    body: "ResourceBody" = jose.field('body')
 
 
 class ResourceWithURI(Resource):
     """ACME Resource with URI.
 
-    :ivar unicode ~.uri: Location of the resource.
+    :ivar str uri: Location of the resource.
 
     """
-    uri = jose.Field('uri')  # no ChallengeResource.uri
+    uri: str = jose.field('uri')  # no ChallengeResource.uri
 
 
 class ResourceBody(jose.JSONObjectWithFields):
@@ -283,7 +300,8 @@ class ExternalAccountBinding:
     """ACME External Account Binding"""
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_data(cls, account_public_key, kid, hmac_key, directory):
+    def from_data(cls, account_public_key: jose.JWK, kid: str, hmac_key: str,
+                  directory: Directory) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         """Create External Account Binding Resource from contact details, kid and hmac."""
 
         key_json = json.dumps(account_public_key.to_partial_json()).encode()
@@ -297,33 +315,40 @@ class ExternalAccountBinding:
         return eab.to_partial_json()
 
 
+GenericRegistration = TypeVar('GenericRegistration', bound='Registration')
+
+
 class Registration(ResourceBody):
     """Registration Resource Body.
 
-    :ivar josepy.jwk.JWK key: Public key.
+    :ivar jose.JWK key: Public key.
     :ivar tuple contact: Contact information following ACME spec,
-        `tuple` of `unicode`.
-    :ivar unicode agreement:
+        `tuple` of `str`.
+    :ivar str agreement:
 
     """
     # on new-reg key server ignores 'key' and populates it based on
     # JWS.signature.combined.jwk
-    key = jose.Field('key', omitempty=True, decoder=jose.JWK.from_json)
+    key: jose.JWK = jose.field('key', omitempty=True, decoder=jose.JWK.from_json)
     # Contact field implements special behavior to allow messages that clear existing
     # contacts while not expecting the `contact` field when loading from json.
     # This is implemented in the constructor and *_json methods.
-    contact = jose.Field('contact', omitempty=True, default=())
-    agreement = jose.Field('agreement', omitempty=True)
-    status = jose.Field('status', omitempty=True)
-    terms_of_service_agreed = jose.Field('termsOfServiceAgreed', omitempty=True)
-    only_return_existing = jose.Field('onlyReturnExisting', omitempty=True)
-    external_account_binding = jose.Field('externalAccountBinding', omitempty=True)
+    contact: Tuple[str, ...] = jose.field('contact', omitempty=True, default=())
+    agreement: str = jose.field('agreement', omitempty=True)
+    status: Status = jose.field('status', omitempty=True)
+    terms_of_service_agreed: bool = jose.field('termsOfServiceAgreed', omitempty=True)
+    only_return_existing: bool = jose.field('onlyReturnExisting', omitempty=True)
+    external_account_binding: Dict[str, Any] = jose.field('externalAccountBinding',
+                                                          omitempty=True)
 
     phone_prefix = 'tel:'
     email_prefix = 'mailto:'
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_data(cls, phone=None, email=None, external_account_binding=None, **kwargs):
+    def from_data(cls: Type[GenericRegistration], phone: Optional[str] = None,
+                  email: Optional[str] = None,
+                  external_account_binding: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+                  **kwargs: Any) -> GenericRegistration:
         """
         Create registration resource from contact details.
 
@@ -352,19 +377,19 @@ class Registration(ResourceBody):
 
         return cls(**kwargs)
 
-    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
         """Note if the user provides a value for the `contact` member."""
-        if 'contact' in kwargs:
+        if 'contact' in kwargs and kwargs['contact'] is not None:
             # Avoid the __setattr__ used by jose.TypedJSONObjectWithFields
             object.__setattr__(self, '_add_contact', True)
-        super(Registration, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
-    def _filter_contact(self, prefix):
+    def _filter_contact(self, prefix: str) -> Tuple[str, ...]:
         return tuple(
             detail[len(prefix):] for detail in self.contact  # pylint: disable=not-an-iterable
             if detail.startswith(prefix))
 
-    def _add_contact_if_appropriate(self, jobj):
+    def _add_contact_if_appropriate(self, jobj: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         """
         The `contact` member of Registration objects should not be required when
         de-serializing (as it would be if the Fields' `omitempty` flag were `False`), but
@@ -381,51 +406,46 @@ class Registration(ResourceBody):
 
         return jobj
 
-    def to_partial_json(self):
+    def to_partial_json(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         """Modify josepy.JSONDeserializable.to_partial_json()"""
-        jobj = super(Registration, self).to_partial_json()
+        jobj = super().to_partial_json()
         return self._add_contact_if_appropriate(jobj)
 
-    def fields_to_partial_json(self):
+    def fields_to_partial_json(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         """Modify josepy.JSONObjectWithFields.fields_to_partial_json()"""
-        jobj = super(Registration, self).fields_to_partial_json()
+        jobj = super().fields_to_partial_json()
         return self._add_contact_if_appropriate(jobj)
 
     @property
-    def phones(self):
+    def phones(self) -> Tuple[str, ...]:
         """All phones found in the ``contact`` field."""
         return self._filter_contact(self.phone_prefix)
 
     @property
-    def emails(self):
+    def emails(self) -> Tuple[str, ...]:
         """All emails found in the ``contact`` field."""
         return self._filter_contact(self.email_prefix)
 
 
-@Directory.register
-class NewRegistration(ResourceMixin, Registration):
+class NewRegistration(Registration):
     """New registration."""
-    resource_type = 'new-reg'
-    resource = fields.Resource(resource_type)
 
 
-class UpdateRegistration(ResourceMixin, Registration):
+class UpdateRegistration(Registration):
     """Update registration."""
-    resource_type = 'reg'
-    resource = fields.Resource(resource_type)
 
 
 class RegistrationResource(ResourceWithURI):
     """Registration Resource.
 
     :ivar acme.messages.Registration body:
-    :ivar unicode new_authzr_uri: Deprecated. Do not use.
-    :ivar unicode terms_of_service: URL for the CA TOS.
+    :ivar str new_authzr_uri: Deprecated. Do not use.
+    :ivar str terms_of_service: URL for the CA TOS.
 
     """
-    body = jose.Field('body', decoder=Registration.from_json)
-    new_authzr_uri = jose.Field('new_authzr_uri', omitempty=True)
-    terms_of_service = jose.Field('terms_of_service', omitempty=True)
+    body: Registration = jose.field('body', decoder=Registration.from_json)
+    new_authzr_uri: str = jose.field('new_authzr_uri', omitempty=True)
+    terms_of_service: str = jose.field('terms_of_service', omitempty=True)
 
 
 class ChallengeBody(ResourceBody):
@@ -450,64 +470,63 @@ class ChallengeBody(ResourceBody):
     # challenge object supports either one, but should be accessed through the
     # name "uri". In Client.answer_challenge, whichever one is set will be
     # used.
-    _uri = jose.Field('uri', omitempty=True, default=None)
-    _url = jose.Field('url', omitempty=True, default=None)
-    status = jose.Field('status', decoder=Status.from_json,
+    _url: str = jose.field('url', omitempty=True, default=None)
+    status: Status = jose.field('status', decoder=Status.from_json,
                         omitempty=True, default=STATUS_PENDING)
-    validated = fields.RFC3339Field('validated', omitempty=True)
-    error = jose.Field('error', decoder=Error.from_json,
+    validated: datetime.datetime = fields.rfc3339('validated', omitempty=True)
+    error: Error = jose.field('error', decoder=Error.from_json,
                        omitempty=True, default=None)
 
-    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
         kwargs = {self._internal_name(k): v for k, v in kwargs.items()}
-        super(ChallengeBody, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
-    def encode(self, name):
-        return super(ChallengeBody, self).encode(self._internal_name(name))
+    def encode(self, name: str) -> Any:
+        return super().encode(self._internal_name(name))
 
-    def to_partial_json(self):
-        jobj = super(ChallengeBody, self).to_partial_json()
+    def to_partial_json(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        jobj = super().to_partial_json()
         jobj.update(self.chall.to_partial_json())
         return jobj
 
     @classmethod
-    def fields_from_json(cls, jobj):
-        jobj_fields = super(ChallengeBody, cls).fields_from_json(jobj)
+    def fields_from_json(cls, jobj: Mapping[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        jobj_fields = super().fields_from_json(jobj)
         jobj_fields['chall'] = challenges.Challenge.from_json(jobj)
         return jobj_fields
 
     @property
-    def uri(self):
+    def uri(self) -> str:
         """The URL of this challenge."""
-        return self._url or self._uri
+        return self._url
 
-    def __getattr__(self, name):
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
         return getattr(self.chall, name)
 
-    def __iter__(self):
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[str]:
         # When iterating over fields, use the external name 'uri' instead of
         # the internal '_uri'.
-        for name in super(ChallengeBody, self).__iter__():
-            yield name[1:] if name == '_uri' else name
+        for name in super().__iter__():
+            yield 'uri' if name == '_url' else name
 
-    def _internal_name(self, name):
-        return '_' + name if name == 'uri' else name
+    def _internal_name(self, name: str) -> str:
+        return '_url' if name == 'uri' else name
 
 
 class ChallengeResource(Resource):
     """Challenge Resource.
 
     :ivar acme.messages.ChallengeBody body:
-    :ivar unicode authzr_uri: URI found in the 'up' ``Link`` header.
+    :ivar str authzr_uri: URI found in the 'up' ``Link`` header.
 
     """
-    body = jose.Field('body', decoder=ChallengeBody.from_json)
-    authzr_uri = jose.Field('authzr_uri')
+    body: ChallengeBody = jose.field('body', decoder=ChallengeBody.from_json)
+    authzr_uri: str = jose.field('authzr_uri')
 
     @property
-    def uri(self):
+    def uri(self) -> str:
         """The URL of the challenge body."""
-        return self.body.uri
+        return self.body.uri  # pylint: disable=no-member
 
 
 class Authorization(ResourceBody):
@@ -515,72 +534,55 @@ class Authorization(ResourceBody):
 
     :ivar acme.messages.Identifier identifier:
     :ivar list challenges: `list` of `.ChallengeBody`
-    :ivar tuple combinations: Challenge combinations (`tuple` of `tuple`
-        of `int`, as opposed to `list` of `list` from the spec).
     :ivar acme.messages.Status status:
     :ivar datetime.datetime expires:
 
     """
-    identifier = jose.Field('identifier', decoder=Identifier.from_json, omitempty=True)
-    challenges = jose.Field('challenges', omitempty=True)
-    combinations = jose.Field('combinations', omitempty=True)
+    identifier: Identifier = jose.field('identifier', decoder=Identifier.from_json, omitempty=True)
+    challenges: List[ChallengeBody] = jose.field('challenges', omitempty=True)
 
-    status = jose.Field('status', omitempty=True, decoder=Status.from_json)
+    status: Status = jose.field('status', omitempty=True, decoder=Status.from_json)
     # TODO: 'expires' is allowed for Authorization Resources in
     # general, but for Key Authorization '[t]he "expires" field MUST
     # be absent'... then acme-spec gives example with 'expires'
     # present... That's confusing!
-    expires = fields.RFC3339Field('expires', omitempty=True)
-    wildcard = jose.Field('wildcard', omitempty=True)
+    expires: datetime.datetime = fields.rfc3339('expires', omitempty=True)
+    wildcard: bool = jose.field('wildcard', omitempty=True)
 
     # Mypy does not understand the josepy magic happening here, and falsely claims
     # that challenge is redefined. Let's ignore the type check here.
     @challenges.decoder  # type: ignore
-    def challenges(value):  # pylint: disable=no-self-argument,missing-function-docstring
+    def challenges(value: List[Dict[str, Any]]) -> Tuple[ChallengeBody, ...]:  # pylint: disable=no-self-argument,missing-function-docstring
         return tuple(ChallengeBody.from_json(chall) for chall in value)
 
-    @property
-    def resolved_combinations(self):
-        """Combinations with challenges instead of indices."""
-        return tuple(tuple(self.challenges[idx] for idx in combo)
-                     for combo in self.combinations)  # pylint: disable=not-an-iterable
 
-
-@Directory.register
-class NewAuthorization(ResourceMixin, Authorization):
+class NewAuthorization(Authorization):
     """New authorization."""
-    resource_type = 'new-authz'
-    resource = fields.Resource(resource_type)
 
 
-class UpdateAuthorization(ResourceMixin, Authorization):
+class UpdateAuthorization(Authorization):
     """Update authorization."""
-    resource_type = 'authz'
-    resource = fields.Resource(resource_type)
 
 
 class AuthorizationResource(ResourceWithURI):
     """Authorization Resource.
 
     :ivar acme.messages.Authorization body:
-    :ivar unicode new_cert_uri: Deprecated. Do not use.
+    :ivar str new_cert_uri: Deprecated. Do not use.
 
     """
-    body = jose.Field('body', decoder=Authorization.from_json)
-    new_cert_uri = jose.Field('new_cert_uri', omitempty=True)
+    body: Authorization = jose.field('body', decoder=Authorization.from_json)
+    new_cert_uri: str = jose.field('new_cert_uri', omitempty=True)
 
 
-@Directory.register
-class CertificateRequest(ResourceMixin, jose.JSONObjectWithFields):
-    """ACME new-cert request.
+class CertificateRequest(jose.JSONObjectWithFields):
+    """ACME newOrder request.
 
-    :ivar josepy.util.ComparableX509 csr:
+    :ivar jose.ComparableX509 csr:
         `OpenSSL.crypto.X509Req` wrapped in `.ComparableX509`
 
     """
-    resource_type = 'new-cert'
-    resource = fields.Resource(resource_type)
-    csr = jose.Field('csr', decoder=jose.decode_csr, encoder=jose.encode_csr)
+    csr: jose.ComparableX509 = jose.field('csr', decoder=jose.decode_csr, encoder=jose.encode_csr)
 
 
 class CertificateResource(ResourceWithURI):
@@ -588,27 +590,24 @@ class CertificateResource(ResourceWithURI):
 
     :ivar josepy.util.ComparableX509 body:
         `OpenSSL.crypto.X509` wrapped in `.ComparableX509`
-    :ivar unicode cert_chain_uri: URI found in the 'up' ``Link`` header
+    :ivar str cert_chain_uri: URI found in the 'up' ``Link`` header
     :ivar tuple authzrs: `tuple` of `AuthorizationResource`.
 
     """
-    cert_chain_uri = jose.Field('cert_chain_uri')
-    authzrs = jose.Field('authzrs')
+    cert_chain_uri: str = jose.field('cert_chain_uri')
+    authzrs: Tuple[AuthorizationResource, ...] = jose.field('authzrs')
 
 
-@Directory.register
-class Revocation(ResourceMixin, jose.JSONObjectWithFields):
+class Revocation(jose.JSONObjectWithFields):
     """Revocation message.
 
-    :ivar .ComparableX509 certificate: `OpenSSL.crypto.X509` wrapped in
-        `.ComparableX509`
+    :ivar jose.ComparableX509 certificate: `OpenSSL.crypto.X509` wrapped in
+        `jose.ComparableX509`
 
     """
-    resource_type = 'revoke-cert'
-    resource = fields.Resource(resource_type)
-    certificate = jose.Field(
+    certificate: jose.ComparableX509 = jose.field(
         'certificate', decoder=jose.decode_cert, encoder=jose.encode_cert)
-    reason = jose.Field('reason')
+    reason: int = jose.field('reason')
 
 
 class Order(ResourceBody):
@@ -625,26 +624,26 @@ class Order(ResourceBody):
     :ivar datetime.datetime expires: When the order expires.
     :ivar ~.Error error: Any error that occurred during finalization, if applicable.
     """
-    identifiers = jose.Field('identifiers', omitempty=True)
-    status = jose.Field('status', decoder=Status.from_json,
-                        omitempty=True)
-    authorizations = jose.Field('authorizations', omitempty=True)
-    certificate = jose.Field('certificate', omitempty=True)
-    finalize = jose.Field('finalize', omitempty=True)
-    expires = fields.RFC3339Field('expires', omitempty=True)
-    error = jose.Field('error', omitempty=True, decoder=Error.from_json)
+    identifiers: List[Identifier] = jose.field('identifiers', omitempty=True)
+    status: Status = jose.field('status', decoder=Status.from_json, omitempty=True)
+    authorizations: List[str] = jose.field('authorizations', omitempty=True)
+    certificate: str = jose.field('certificate', omitempty=True)
+    finalize: str = jose.field('finalize', omitempty=True)
+    expires: datetime.datetime = fields.rfc3339('expires', omitempty=True)
+    error: Error = jose.field('error', omitempty=True, decoder=Error.from_json)
 
     # Mypy does not understand the josepy magic happening here, and falsely claims
     # that identifiers is redefined. Let's ignore the type check here.
     @identifiers.decoder  # type: ignore
-    def identifiers(value):  # pylint: disable=no-self-argument,missing-function-docstring
+    def identifiers(value: List[Dict[str, Any]]) -> Tuple[Identifier, ...]:  # pylint: disable=no-self-argument,missing-function-docstring
         return tuple(Identifier.from_json(identifier) for identifier in value)
 
+
 class OrderResource(ResourceWithURI):
     """Order Resource.
 
     :ivar acme.messages.Order body:
-    :ivar str csr_pem: The CSR this Order will be finalized with.
+    :ivar bytes csr_pem: The CSR this Order will be finalized with.
     :ivar authorizations: Fully-fetched AuthorizationResource objects.
     :vartype authorizations: `list` of `acme.messages.AuthorizationResource`
     :ivar str fullchain_pem: The fetched contents of the certificate URL
@@ -654,13 +653,29 @@ class OrderResource(ResourceWithURI):
         finalization.
     :vartype alternative_fullchains_pem: `list` of `str`
     """
-    body = jose.Field('body', decoder=Order.from_json)
-    csr_pem = jose.Field('csr_pem', omitempty=True)
-    authorizations = jose.Field('authorizations')
-    fullchain_pem = jose.Field('fullchain_pem', omitempty=True)
-    alternative_fullchains_pem = jose.Field('alternative_fullchains_pem', omitempty=True)
+    body: Order = jose.field('body', decoder=Order.from_json)
+    csr_pem: bytes = jose.field('csr_pem', omitempty=True,
+                                # This looks backwards, but it's not -
+                                # we want the deserialized value to be
+                                # `bytes`, but anything we put into
+                                # JSON needs to be `str`, so we encode
+                                # to decode and decode to
+                                # encode. Otherwise we end up with an
+                                # array of ints on serialization
+                                decoder=lambda s: s.encode("utf-8"),
+                                encoder=lambda b: b.decode("utf-8"))
+
+    authorizations: List[AuthorizationResource] = jose.field('authorizations')
+    fullchain_pem: str = jose.field('fullchain_pem', omitempty=True)
+    alternative_fullchains_pem: List[str] = jose.field('alternative_fullchains_pem',
+                                                       omitempty=True)
+
+    # Mypy does not understand the josepy magic happening here, and falsely claims
+    # that authorizations is redefined. Let's ignore the type check here.
+    @authorizations.decoder  # type: ignore
+    def authorizations(value: List[Dict[str, Any]]) -> Tuple[AuthorizationResource, ...]: # pylint: disable=no-self-argument,missing-function-docstring
+        return tuple(AuthorizationResource.from_json(authz) for authz in value)
+
 
-@Directory.register
 class NewOrder(Order):
     """New order."""
-    resource_type = 'new-order'

acme/acme/mixins.py

@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-"""Useful mixins for Challenge and Resource objects"""
-
-
-class VersionedLEACMEMixin:
-    """This mixin stores the version of Let's Encrypt's endpoint being used."""
-    @property
-    def le_acme_version(self):
-        """Define the version of ACME protocol to use"""
-        return getattr(self, '_le_acme_version', 1)
-
-    @le_acme_version.setter
-    def le_acme_version(self, version):
-        # We need to use object.__setattr__ to not depend on the specific implementation of
-        # __setattr__  in current class (eg. jose.TypedJSONObjectWithFields raises AttributeError
-        # for any attempt to set an attribute to make objects immutable).
-        object.__setattr__(self, '_le_acme_version', version)
-
-    def __setattr__(self, key, value):
-        if key == 'le_acme_version':
-            # Required for @property to operate properly. See comment above.
-            object.__setattr__(self, key, value)
-        else:
-            super(VersionedLEACMEMixin, self).__setattr__(key, value)  # pragma: no cover
-
-
-class ResourceMixin(VersionedLEACMEMixin):
-    """
-    This mixin generates a RFC8555 compliant JWS payload
-    by removing the `resource` field if needed (eg. ACME v2 protocol).
-    """
-    def to_partial_json(self):
-        """See josepy.JSONDeserializable.to_partial_json()"""
-        return _safe_jobj_compliance(super(ResourceMixin, self),
-                                     'to_partial_json', 'resource')
-
-    def fields_to_partial_json(self):
-        """See josepy.JSONObjectWithFields.fields_to_partial_json()"""
-        return _safe_jobj_compliance(super(ResourceMixin, self),
-                                     'fields_to_partial_json', 'resource')
-
-
-class TypeMixin(VersionedLEACMEMixin):
-    """
-    This mixin allows generation of a RFC8555 compliant JWS payload
-    by removing the `type` field if needed (eg. ACME v2 protocol).
-    """
-    def to_partial_json(self):
-        """See josepy.JSONDeserializable.to_partial_json()"""
-        return _safe_jobj_compliance(super(TypeMixin, self),
-                                     'to_partial_json', 'type')
-
-    def fields_to_partial_json(self):
-        """See josepy.JSONObjectWithFields.fields_to_partial_json()"""
-        return _safe_jobj_compliance(super(TypeMixin, self),
-                                     'fields_to_partial_json', 'type')
-
-
-def _safe_jobj_compliance(instance, jobj_method, uncompliant_field):
-    if hasattr(instance, jobj_method):
-        jobj = getattr(instance, jobj_method)()
-        if instance.le_acme_version == 2:
-            jobj.pop(uncompliant_field, None)
-        return jobj
-
-    raise AttributeError('Method {0}() is not implemented.'.format(jobj_method))  # pragma: no cover

acme/acme/standalone.py

@@ -7,7 +7,17 @@ import logging
 import socket
 import socketserver
 import threading
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
 from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+
+from OpenSSL import crypto
+from OpenSSL import SSL
 
 from acme import challenges
 from acme import crypto_util
@@ -18,30 +28,32 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 class TLSServer(socketserver.TCPServer):
     """Generic TLS Server."""
 
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
         self.ipv6 = kwargs.pop("ipv6", False)
         if self.ipv6:
             self.address_family = socket.AF_INET6
         else:
             self.address_family = socket.AF_INET
         self.certs = kwargs.pop("certs", {})
-        self.method = kwargs.pop(
-            "method", crypto_util._DEFAULT_SSL_METHOD)
+        self.method = kwargs.pop("method", crypto_util._DEFAULT_SSL_METHOD)
         self.allow_reuse_address = kwargs.pop("allow_reuse_address", True)
-        socketserver.TCPServer.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
-    def _wrap_sock(self):
-        self.socket = crypto_util.SSLSocket(
+    def _wrap_sock(self) -> None:
+        self.socket = cast(socket.socket, crypto_util.SSLSocket(
             self.socket, cert_selection=self._cert_selection,
             alpn_selection=getattr(self, '_alpn_selection', None),
-            method=self.method)
+            method=self.method))
 
-    def _cert_selection(self, connection):  # pragma: no cover
+    def _cert_selection(self, connection: SSL.Connection
+                        ) -> Optional[Tuple[crypto.PKey, crypto.X509]]:  # pragma: no cover
         """Callback selecting certificate for connection."""
         server_name = connection.get_servername()
-        return self.certs.get(server_name, None)
+        if server_name:
+            return self.certs.get(server_name, None)
+        return None
 
-    def server_bind(self):
+    def server_bind(self) -> None:
         self._wrap_sock()
         return socketserver.TCPServer.server_bind(self)
 
@@ -61,11 +73,15 @@ class BaseDualNetworkedServers:
        If two servers are instantiated, they will serve on the same port.
        """
 
-    def __init__(self, ServerClass, server_address, *remaining_args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, ServerClass: Type[socketserver.TCPServer], server_address: Tuple[str, int],
+                 *remaining_args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
         port = server_address[1]
         self.threads: List[threading.Thread] = []
         self.servers: List[socketserver.BaseServer] = []
 
+        # Preserve socket error for re-raising, if no servers can be started
+        last_socket_err: Optional[socket.error] = None
+
         # Must try True first.
         # Ubuntu, for example, will fail to bind to IPv4 if we've already bound
         # to IPv6. But that's ok, since it will accept IPv4 connections on the IPv6
@@ -82,7 +98,8 @@ class BaseDualNetworkedServers:
                 logger.debug(
                     "Successfully bound to %s:%s using %s", new_address[0],
                     new_address[1], "IPv6" if ip_version else "IPv4")
-            except socket.error:
+            except socket.error as e:
+                last_socket_err = e
                 if self.servers:
                     # Already bound using IPv6.
                     logger.debug(
@@ -101,9 +118,12 @@ class BaseDualNetworkedServers:
                 # bind to the same port for both servers.
                 port = server.socket.getsockname()[1]
         if not self.servers:
-            raise socket.error("Could not bind to IPv4 or IPv6.")
+            if last_socket_err:
+                raise last_socket_err
+            else: # pragma: no cover
+                raise socket.error("Could not bind to IPv4 or IPv6.")
 
-    def serve_forever(self):
+    def serve_forever(self) -> None:
         """Wraps socketserver.TCPServer.serve_forever"""
         for server in self.servers:
             thread = threading.Thread(
@@ -111,11 +131,11 @@ class BaseDualNetworkedServers:
             thread.start()
             self.threads.append(thread)
 
-    def getsocknames(self):
+    def getsocknames(self) -> List[Tuple[str, int]]:
         """Wraps socketserver.TCPServer.socket.getsockname"""
         return [server.socket.getsockname() for server in self.servers]
 
-    def shutdown_and_server_close(self):
+    def shutdown_and_server_close(self) -> None:
         """Wraps socketserver.TCPServer.shutdown, socketserver.TCPServer.server_close, and
            threading.Thread.join"""
         for server in self.servers:
@@ -131,13 +151,20 @@ class TLSALPN01Server(TLSServer, ACMEServerMixin):
 
     ACME_TLS_1_PROTOCOL = b"acme-tls/1"
 
-    def __init__(self, server_address, certs, challenge_certs, ipv6=False):
+    def __init__(self, server_address: Tuple[str, int],
+                 certs: List[Tuple[crypto.PKey, crypto.X509]],
+                 challenge_certs: Mapping[bytes, Tuple[crypto.PKey, crypto.X509]],
+                 ipv6: bool = False) -> None:
+        # We don't need to implement a request handler here because the work
+        # (including logging) is being done by wrapped socket set up in the
+        # parent TLSServer class.
         TLSServer.__init__(
-            self, server_address, _BaseRequestHandlerWithLogging, certs=certs,
+            self, server_address, socketserver.BaseRequestHandler, certs=certs,
             ipv6=ipv6)
         self.challenge_certs = challenge_certs
 
-    def _cert_selection(self, connection):
+    def _cert_selection(self, connection: SSL.Connection) -> Optional[Tuple[crypto.PKey,
+                                                                            crypto.X509]]:
         # TODO: We would like to serve challenge cert only if asked for it via
         # ALPN. To do this, we need to retrieve the list of protos from client
         # hello, but this is currently impossible with openssl [0], and ALPN
@@ -146,10 +173,12 @@ class TLSALPN01Server(TLSServer, ACMEServerMixin):
         # handshake in alpn_selection() if ALPN protos are not what we expect.
         # [0] https://github.com/openssl/openssl/issues/4952
         server_name = connection.get_servername()
-        logger.debug("Serving challenge cert for server name %s", server_name)
-        return self.challenge_certs.get(server_name, None)
+        if server_name:
+            logger.debug("Serving challenge cert for server name %s", server_name)
+            return self.challenge_certs[server_name]
+        return None # pragma: no cover
 
-    def _alpn_selection(self, _connection, alpn_protos):
+    def _alpn_selection(self, _connection: SSL.Connection, alpn_protos: List[bytes]) -> bytes:
         """Callback to select alpn protocol."""
         if len(alpn_protos) == 1 and alpn_protos[0] == self.ACME_TLS_1_PROTOCOL:
             logger.debug("Agreed on %s ALPN", self.ACME_TLS_1_PROTOCOL)
@@ -163,21 +192,22 @@ class TLSALPN01Server(TLSServer, ACMEServerMixin):
 class HTTPServer(BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer):
     """Generic HTTP Server."""
 
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
         self.ipv6 = kwargs.pop("ipv6", False)
         if self.ipv6:
             self.address_family = socket.AF_INET6
         else:
             self.address_family = socket.AF_INET
-        BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
 class HTTP01Server(HTTPServer, ACMEServerMixin):
     """HTTP01 Server."""
 
-    def __init__(self, server_address, resources, ipv6=False, timeout=30):
-        HTTPServer.__init__(
-            self, server_address, HTTP01RequestHandler.partial_init(
+    def __init__(self, server_address: Tuple[str, int], resources: Set[challenges.HTTP01],
+                 ipv6: bool = False, timeout: int = 30) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            server_address, HTTP01RequestHandler.partial_init(
                 simple_http_resources=resources, timeout=timeout), ipv6=ipv6)
 
 
@@ -185,8 +215,8 @@ class HTTP01DualNetworkedServers(BaseDualNetworkedServers):
     """HTTP01Server Wrapper. Tries everything for both. Failures for one don't
        affect the other."""
 
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        BaseDualNetworkedServers.__init__(self, HTTP01Server, *args, **kwargs)
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        super().__init__(HTTP01Server, *args, **kwargs)
 
 
 class HTTP01RequestHandler(BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
@@ -201,10 +231,10 @@ class HTTP01RequestHandler(BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
     HTTP01Resource = collections.namedtuple(
         "HTTP01Resource", "chall response validation")
 
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
         self.simple_http_resources = kwargs.pop("simple_http_resources", set())
         self._timeout = kwargs.pop('timeout', 30)
-        BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.server: HTTP01Server
 
     # In parent class BaseHTTPRequestHandler, 'timeout' is a class-level property but we
@@ -214,7 +244,7 @@ class HTTP01RequestHandler(BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
     # everyone happy, we statically redefine 'timeout' as a method property, and set the
     # timeout value in a new internal instance-level property _timeout.
     @property
-    def timeout(self):
+    def timeout(self) -> int:  # type: ignore[override]
         """
         The default timeout this server should apply to requests.
         :return: timeout to apply
@@ -222,16 +252,16 @@ class HTTP01RequestHandler(BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
         """
         return self._timeout
 
-    def log_message(self, format, *args):  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
+    def log_message(self, format: str, *args: Any) -> None:  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
         """Log arbitrary message."""
         logger.debug("%s - - %s", self.client_address[0], format % args)
 
-    def handle(self):
+    def handle(self) -> None:
         """Handle request."""
         self.log_message("Incoming request")
         BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler.handle(self)
 
-    def do_GET(self):  # pylint: disable=invalid-name,missing-function-docstring
+    def do_GET(self) -> None:  # pylint: disable=invalid-name,missing-function-docstring
         if self.path == "/":
             self.handle_index()
         elif self.path.startswith("/" + challenges.HTTP01.URI_ROOT_PATH):
@@ -239,21 +269,21 @@ class HTTP01RequestHandler(BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
         else:
             self.handle_404()
 
-    def handle_index(self):
+    def handle_index(self) -> None:
         """Handle index page."""
         self.send_response(200)
         self.send_header("Content-Type", "text/html")
         self.end_headers()
         self.wfile.write(self.server.server_version.encode())
 
-    def handle_404(self):
+    def handle_404(self) -> None:
         """Handler 404 Not Found errors."""
         self.send_response(http_client.NOT_FOUND, message="Not Found")
         self.send_header("Content-type", "text/html")
         self.end_headers()
         self.wfile.write(b"404")
 
-    def handle_simple_http_resource(self):
+    def handle_simple_http_resource(self) -> None:
         """Handle HTTP01 provisioned resources."""
         for resource in self.simple_http_resources:
             if resource.chall.path == self.path:
@@ -269,7 +299,8 @@ class HTTP01RequestHandler(BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
                          self.path)
 
     @classmethod
-    def partial_init(cls, simple_http_resources, timeout):
+    def partial_init(cls, simple_http_resources: Set[challenges.HTTP01],
+                     timeout: int) -> 'functools.partial[HTTP01RequestHandler]':
         """Partially initialize this handler.
 
         This is useful because `socketserver.BaseServer` takes
@@ -280,16 +311,3 @@ class HTTP01RequestHandler(BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
         return functools.partial(
             cls, simple_http_resources=simple_http_resources,
             timeout=timeout)
-
-
-class _BaseRequestHandlerWithLogging(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
-    """BaseRequestHandler with logging."""
-
-    def log_message(self, format, *args):  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
-        """Log arbitrary message."""
-        logger.debug("%s - - %s", self.client_address[0], format % args)
-
-    def handle(self):
-        """Handle request."""
-        self.log_message("Incoming request")
-        socketserver.BaseRequestHandler.handle(self)

acme/acme/util.py

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 """ACME utilities."""
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Mapping
 
 
-def map_keys(dikt, func):
+def map_keys(dikt: Mapping[Any, Any], func: Callable[[Any], Any]) -> Dict[Any, Any]:
     """Map dictionary keys."""
     return {func(key): value for key, value in dikt.items()}

acme/docs/conf.py

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ extensions = [
     'sphinx.ext.todo',
     'sphinx.ext.coverage',
     'sphinx.ext.viewcode',
+    'sphinx_rtd_theme',
 ]
 
 autodoc_member_order = 'bysource'
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ master_doc = 'index'
 
 # General information about the project.
 project = u'acme-python'
-copyright = u'2015-2015, Let\'s Encrypt Project'
+copyright = u'2015, Let\'s Encrypt Project'
 author = u'Let\'s Encrypt Project'
 
 # The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
@@ -122,14 +123,7 @@ todo_include_todos = False
 # The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
 # a list of builtin themes.
 
-# https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq.html#i-want-to-use-the-read-the-docs-theme-locally
-# on_rtd is whether we are on readthedocs.org
-on_rtd = os.environ.get('READTHEDOCS', None) == 'True'
-if not on_rtd:  # only import and set the theme if we're building docs locally
-    import sphinx_rtd_theme
-    html_theme = 'sphinx_rtd_theme'
-    html_theme_path = [sphinx_rtd_theme.get_html_theme_path()]
-# otherwise, readthedocs.org uses their theme by default, so no need to specify it
+html_theme = 'sphinx_rtd_theme'
 
 # Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
 # further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the

acme/docs/jws-help.txt

@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ usage: jws [-h] [--compact] {sign,verify} ...
 positional arguments:
   {sign,verify}
 
-optional arguments:
+options:
   -h, --help     show this help message and exit
   --compact

acme/examples/http01_example.py

@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ def example_http():
     # Register account and accept TOS
 
     net = client.ClientNetwork(acc_key, user_agent=USER_AGENT)
-    directory = messages.Directory.from_json(net.get(DIRECTORY_URL).json())
+    directory = client.ClientV2.get_directory(DIRECTORY_URL, net)
     client_acme = client.ClientV2(directory, net=net)
 
     # Terms of Service URL is in client_acme.directory.meta.terms_of_service
@@ -215,8 +215,7 @@ def example_http():
     try:
         regr = client_acme.query_registration(regr)
     except errors.Error as err:
-        if err.typ == messages.OLD_ERROR_PREFIX + 'unauthorized' \
-                or err.typ == messages.ERROR_PREFIX + 'unauthorized':
+        if err.typ == messages.ERROR_PREFIX + 'unauthorized':
             # Status is deactivated.
             pass
         raise

acme/examples/standalone/README

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-python -m acme.standalone -p 1234
-curl -k https://localhost:1234

acme/examples/standalone/localhost/cert.pem

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-../../../acme/testdata/rsa2048_cert.pem

acme/examples/standalone/localhost/key.pem

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-../../../acme/testdata/rsa2048_key.pem

acme/readthedocs.org.requirements.txt

@@ -7,4 +7,7 @@
 # in --editable mode (-e), just "pip install acme[docs]" does not work as
 # expected and "pip install -e acme[docs]" must be used instead
 
+# We also pin our dependencies for increased stability.
+
+-c ../tools/requirements.txt
 -e acme[docs]

acme/setup.cfg

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-[bdist_wheel]
-universal = 1

acme/setup.py

@@ -3,27 +3,19 @@ import sys
 from setuptools import find_packages
 from setuptools import setup
 
-version = '1.15.0.dev0'
+version = '2.12.0.dev0'
 
-# Please update tox.ini when modifying dependency version requirements
 install_requires = [
-    'cryptography>=2.1.4',
-    # formerly known as acme.jose:
-    # 1.1.0+ is required to avoid the warnings described at
-    # https://github.com/certbot/josepy/issues/13.
-    'josepy>=1.1.0',
-    'PyOpenSSL>=17.3.0',
+    'cryptography>=3.2.1',
+    # Josepy 2+ may introduce backward incompatible changes by droping usage of
+    # deprecated PyOpenSSL APIs.
+    'josepy>=1.13.0, <2',
+    # pyOpenSSL 23.1.0 is a bad release: https://github.com/pyca/pyopenssl/issues/1199
+    'PyOpenSSL>=17.5.0,!=23.1.0',
     'pyrfc3339',
-    'pytz',
-    'requests>=2.6.0',
-    'requests-toolbelt>=0.3.0',
-    'setuptools>=39.0.1',
-]
-
-dev_extras = [
-    'pytest',
-    'pytest-xdist',
-    'tox',
+    'pytz>=2019.3',
+    'requests>=2.20.0',
+    'setuptools>=41.6.0',
 ]
 
 docs_extras = [
@@ -31,25 +23,41 @@ docs_extras = [
     'sphinx_rtd_theme',
 ]
 
+test_extras = [
+    # In theory we could scope importlib_resources to env marker 'python_version<"3.9"'. But this
+    # makes the pinning mechanism emit warnings when running `poetry lock` because in the corner
+    # case of an extra dependency with env marker coming from a setup.py file, it generate the
+    # invalid requirement 'importlib_resource>=1.3.1;python<=3.9;extra=="test"'.
+    # To fix the issue, we do not pass the env marker. This is fine because:
+    # - importlib_resources can be applied to any Python version,
+    # - this is a "test" extra dependency for limited audience,
+    # - it does not change anything at the end for the generated requirement files.
+    'importlib_resources>=1.3.1',
+    'pytest',
+    'pytest-xdist',
+    'typing-extensions',
+]
+
 setup(
     name='acme',
     version=version,
     description='ACME protocol implementation in Python',
-    url='https://github.com/letsencrypt/letsencrypt',
+    url='https://github.com/certbot/certbot',
     author="Certbot Project",
-    author_email='client-dev@letsencrypt.org',
+    author_email='certbot-dev@eff.org',
     license='Apache License 2.0',
-    python_requires='>=3.6',
+    python_requires='>=3.8',
     classifiers=[
         'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
         'Intended Audience :: Developers',
         'License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License',
         'Programming Language :: Python',
         'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7',
         'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8',
         'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12',
         'Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP',
         'Topic :: Security',
     ],
@@ -58,7 +66,7 @@ setup(
     include_package_data=True,
     install_requires=install_requires,
     extras_require={
-        'dev': dev_extras,
         'docs': docs_extras,
+        'test': test_extras,
     },
 )

acme/tests/fields_test.py

@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-"""Tests for acme.fields."""
-import datetime
-import unittest
-
-import josepy as jose
-import pytz
-
-
-class FixedTest(unittest.TestCase):
-    """Tests for acme.fields.Fixed."""
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        from acme.fields import Fixed
-        self.field = Fixed('name', 'x')
-
-    def test_decode(self):
-        self.assertEqual('x', self.field.decode('x'))
-
-    def test_decode_bad(self):
-        self.assertRaises(jose.DeserializationError, self.field.decode, 'y')
-
-    def test_encode(self):
-        self.assertEqual('x', self.field.encode('x'))
-
-    def test_encode_override(self):
-        self.assertEqual('y', self.field.encode('y'))
-
-
-class RFC3339FieldTest(unittest.TestCase):
-    """Tests for acme.fields.RFC3339Field."""
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.decoded = datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 27, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
-        self.encoded = '2015-03-27T00:00:00Z'
-
-    def test_default_encoder(self):
-        from acme.fields import RFC3339Field
-        self.assertEqual(
-            self.encoded, RFC3339Field.default_encoder(self.decoded))
-
-    def test_default_encoder_naive_fails(self):
-        from acme.fields import RFC3339Field
-        self.assertRaises(
-            ValueError, RFC3339Field.default_encoder, datetime.datetime.now())
-
-    def test_default_decoder(self):
-        from acme.fields import RFC3339Field
-        self.assertEqual(
-            self.decoded, RFC3339Field.default_decoder(self.encoded))
-
-    def test_default_decoder_raises_deserialization_error(self):
-        from acme.fields import RFC3339Field
-        self.assertRaises(
-            jose.DeserializationError, RFC3339Field.default_decoder, '')
-
-
-class ResourceTest(unittest.TestCase):
-    """Tests for acme.fields.Resource."""
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        from acme.fields import Resource
-        self.field = Resource('x')
-
-    def test_decode_good(self):
-        self.assertEqual('x', self.field.decode('x'))
-
-    def test_decode_wrong(self):
-        self.assertRaises(jose.DeserializationError, self.field.decode, 'y')
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    unittest.main()  # pragma: no cover